RxNorm 7975

Beta, beta-dimethylcysteine

RxNorm Semantic Concepts

RxNorm semantic concepts for the RxCUI 7975 unique identifier include: penicillamine (12250512), penicillAMINE (12428150), Beta, beta-dimethylcysteine (10797907), D-3-mercaptovaline (257624), D-penicillamine (257629), Penicillamine (257609), Penicillamine (substance) (257648), Product containing penicillamine (medicinal product) (9261155) and Penicillamine-containing product (10808809).

RxNorm Atom ID: 12250512 - Ingredient
penicillamine

RXCUI:
7975 - RxNorm Unique Identifier for a concept (Concept ID)
LAT:
ENG - Language of the Term
RXAUI:
12250512 - Unique identifier for the atom (RxNorm Atom ID)
Is Prescribable?
YES - This drug is part of the RxNorm Current Prescribable Content, a subset of RxNorm that includes all drugs available for prescription in the United States. The Current Prescribable subset also includes over-the-counter drugs.
Concept Description:
penicillamine - Description of concept identifier
Term Type (TTY):
IN - Term type in source with name and description
Term Type Name:
Ingredient - Name of term type in source
Term Type Description:
A compound or moiety that gives the drug its distinctive clinical properties. Ingredients generally use the United States Adopted Name (USAN). - Description of term type in source
Code:
7975 - "Most useful" source asserted identifier. If the source vocabulary has more than one identifier, or a RxNorm-generated source entry identifier. (if the source vocabulary has none.)
Suppress Flag:
N
Suppressible flag. Values = N, O, Y, or E. N - not suppressible. O - Specific individual names (atoms) set as Obsolete because the name is no longer provided by the original source. Y - Suppressed by RxNorm editor. E - unquantified, non-prescribable drug with related quantified, prescribable drugs. NLM strongly recommends that users not alter editor-assigned suppressibility.
CVF:
4096 - Content view flag. RxNorm includes one value, '4096', to denote inclusion in the Current Prescribable Content subset. All rows with CVF='4096' can be found in the subset.
RxNorm to UNII Crosswalk:
GNN1DV99GX - PENICILLAMINE ([C@H](C(=O)O)(C(S)(C)C)N) - RxNorm to UNII (Unique Ingredient Identifier) Crosswalk
Source:
RXNORM - Concept source abbreviation
Source Name:
RxNorm Vocabulary - The official name for a source
Source Version:
20AA_240401F - The source version
Source Date:
March 04, 2024 - RxNorm data last updated
Source License Contact:
RxNorm Customer Service

U.S. National Library of Medicine
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Bethesda
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United States
20894
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https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/ - The source license contact information
Source Content Contact:
RxNorm Customer Service

U.S. National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
(888) FIND-NLM

[email protected]
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/ - The source content contact information
Source Short Name:
RxNorm work done by the National Library of Medicine - The short name of a source as used by the NLM Knowledge Source Server

RxNorm Atom ID: 12428150 - Tall Man Lettering Synonym
penicillAMINE

RXCUI:
7975 - RxNorm Unique Identifier for a concept (Concept ID)
LAT:
ENG - Language of the Term
RXAUI:
12428150 - Unique identifier for the atom (RxNorm Atom ID)
Is Prescribable?
YES - This drug is part of the RxNorm Current Prescribable Content, a subset of RxNorm that includes all drugs available for prescription in the United States. The Current Prescribable subset also includes over-the-counter drugs.
Concept Description:
penicillAMINE - Description of concept identifier
Term Type (TTY):
TMSY - Term type in source with name and description
Term Type Name:
Tall Man Lettering Synonym - Name of term type in source
Term Type Description:
Tall Man Lettering synonym of another TTY, given to distinguish between commonly confused drugs. - Description of term type in source
Code:
7975 - "Most useful" source asserted identifier. If the source vocabulary has more than one identifier, or a RxNorm-generated source entry identifier. (if the source vocabulary has none.)
Suppress Flag:
N
Suppressible flag. Values = N, O, Y, or E. N - not suppressible. O - Specific individual names (atoms) set as Obsolete because the name is no longer provided by the original source. Y - Suppressed by RxNorm editor. E - unquantified, non-prescribable drug with related quantified, prescribable drugs. NLM strongly recommends that users not alter editor-assigned suppressibility.
CVF:
4096 - Content view flag. RxNorm includes one value, '4096', to denote inclusion in the Current Prescribable Content subset. All rows with CVF='4096' can be found in the subset.
RxNorm to UNII Crosswalk:
GNN1DV99GX - PENICILLAMINE ([C@H](C(=O)O)(C(S)(C)C)N) - RxNorm to UNII (Unique Ingredient Identifier) Crosswalk
Source:
RXNORM - Concept source abbreviation
Source Name:
RxNorm Vocabulary - The official name for a source
Source Version:
20AA_240401F - The source version
Source Date:
March 04, 2024 - RxNorm data last updated
Source License Contact:
RxNorm Customer Service

U.S. National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
(888) FIND-NLM

[email protected]
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/ - The source license contact information
Source Content Contact:
RxNorm Customer Service

U.S. National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
(888) FIND-NLM

[email protected]
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/ - The source content contact information
Source Short Name:
RxNorm work done by the National Library of Medicine - The short name of a source as used by the NLM Knowledge Source Server

RxNorm Atom ID: 10797907 - Synonym
Beta, beta-dimethylcysteine

RXCUI:
7975 - RxNorm Unique Identifier for a concept (Concept ID)
LAT:
ENG - Language of the Term
RXAUI:
10797907 - Unique identifier for the atom (RxNorm Atom ID)
Is Prescribable?
YES - This drug is part of the RxNorm Current Prescribable Content, a subset of RxNorm that includes all drugs available for prescription in the United States. The Current Prescribable subset also includes over-the-counter drugs.
Concept Description:
Beta, beta-dimethylcysteine - Description of concept identifier
Term Type (TTY):
SY - Term type in source with name and description
Term Type Name:
Synonym - Name of term type in source
Term Type Description:
Synonym of another TTY, given for clarity. - Description of term type in source
Code:
387235007 - "Most useful" source asserted identifier. If the source vocabulary has more than one identifier, or a RxNorm-generated source entry identifier. (if the source vocabulary has none.)
Suppress Flag:
N
Suppressible flag. Values = N, O, Y, or E. N - not suppressible. O - Specific individual names (atoms) set as Obsolete because the name is no longer provided by the original source. Y - Suppressed by RxNorm editor. E - unquantified, non-prescribable drug with related quantified, prescribable drugs. NLM strongly recommends that users not alter editor-assigned suppressibility.
CVF:
- Content view flag. RxNorm includes one value, '4096', to denote inclusion in the Current Prescribable Content subset. All rows with CVF='4096' can be found in the subset.
RxNorm to UNII Crosswalk:
GNN1DV99GX - PENICILLAMINE ([C@H](C(=O)O)(C(S)(C)C)N) - RxNorm to UNII (Unique Ingredient Identifier) Crosswalk
Source:
SNOMEDCT_US - Concept source abbreviation
Source Name:
US Edition of SNOMED CT - The official name for a source
Source Version:
2024_01_01 - The source version
Source Date:
March 04, 2024 - RxNorm data last updated
Source License Contact:
National Library Of Medicine
NLM is a Charter Member of SNOMED International on behalf of the U.S.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656)

https://support.nlm.nih.gov/support/create-case/
- The source license contact information
Source Content Contact:
National Library Of Medicine
NLM is a Charter Member of SNOMED International on behalf of the U.S.
National Library Of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656)

https://support.nlm.nih.gov/support/create-case/
- The source content contact information
Source Short Name:
US Edition of SNOMED CT - The short name of a source as used by the NLM Knowledge Source Server

RxNorm Atom ID: 257624 - Synonym
D-3-mercaptovaline

RXCUI:
7975 - RxNorm Unique Identifier for a concept (Concept ID)
LAT:
ENG - Language of the Term
RXAUI:
257624 - Unique identifier for the atom (RxNorm Atom ID)
Is Prescribable?
YES - This drug is part of the RxNorm Current Prescribable Content, a subset of RxNorm that includes all drugs available for prescription in the United States. The Current Prescribable subset also includes over-the-counter drugs.
Concept Description:
D-3-mercaptovaline - Description of concept identifier
Term Type (TTY):
SY - Term type in source with name and description
Term Type Name:
Synonym - Name of term type in source
Term Type Description:
Synonym of another TTY, given for clarity. - Description of term type in source
Code:
387235007 - "Most useful" source asserted identifier. If the source vocabulary has more than one identifier, or a RxNorm-generated source entry identifier. (if the source vocabulary has none.)
Suppress Flag:
N
Suppressible flag. Values = N, O, Y, or E. N - not suppressible. O - Specific individual names (atoms) set as Obsolete because the name is no longer provided by the original source. Y - Suppressed by RxNorm editor. E - unquantified, non-prescribable drug with related quantified, prescribable drugs. NLM strongly recommends that users not alter editor-assigned suppressibility.
CVF:
- Content view flag. RxNorm includes one value, '4096', to denote inclusion in the Current Prescribable Content subset. All rows with CVF='4096' can be found in the subset.
RxNorm to UNII Crosswalk:
GNN1DV99GX - PENICILLAMINE ([C@H](C(=O)O)(C(S)(C)C)N) - RxNorm to UNII (Unique Ingredient Identifier) Crosswalk
Source:
SNOMEDCT_US - Concept source abbreviation
Source Name:
US Edition of SNOMED CT - The official name for a source
Source Version:
2024_01_01 - The source version
Source Date:
March 04, 2024 - RxNorm data last updated
Source License Contact:
National Library Of Medicine
NLM is a Charter Member of SNOMED International on behalf of the U.S.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656)

https://support.nlm.nih.gov/support/create-case/
- The source license contact information
Source Content Contact:
National Library Of Medicine
NLM is a Charter Member of SNOMED International on behalf of the U.S.
National Library Of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656)

https://support.nlm.nih.gov/support/create-case/
- The source content contact information
Source Short Name:
US Edition of SNOMED CT - The short name of a source as used by the NLM Knowledge Source Server

RxNorm Atom ID: 257629 - Synonym
D-penicillamine

RXCUI:
7975 - RxNorm Unique Identifier for a concept (Concept ID)
LAT:
ENG - Language of the Term
RXAUI:
257629 - Unique identifier for the atom (RxNorm Atom ID)
Is Prescribable?
YES - This drug is part of the RxNorm Current Prescribable Content, a subset of RxNorm that includes all drugs available for prescription in the United States. The Current Prescribable subset also includes over-the-counter drugs.
Concept Description:
D-penicillamine - Description of concept identifier
Term Type (TTY):
SY - Term type in source with name and description
Term Type Name:
Synonym - Name of term type in source
Term Type Description:
Synonym of another TTY, given for clarity. - Description of term type in source
Code:
387235007 - "Most useful" source asserted identifier. If the source vocabulary has more than one identifier, or a RxNorm-generated source entry identifier. (if the source vocabulary has none.)
Suppress Flag:
N
Suppressible flag. Values = N, O, Y, or E. N - not suppressible. O - Specific individual names (atoms) set as Obsolete because the name is no longer provided by the original source. Y - Suppressed by RxNorm editor. E - unquantified, non-prescribable drug with related quantified, prescribable drugs. NLM strongly recommends that users not alter editor-assigned suppressibility.
CVF:
- Content view flag. RxNorm includes one value, '4096', to denote inclusion in the Current Prescribable Content subset. All rows with CVF='4096' can be found in the subset.
RxNorm to UNII Crosswalk:
GNN1DV99GX - PENICILLAMINE ([C@H](C(=O)O)(C(S)(C)C)N) - RxNorm to UNII (Unique Ingredient Identifier) Crosswalk
Source:
SNOMEDCT_US - Concept source abbreviation
Source Name:
US Edition of SNOMED CT - The official name for a source
Source Version:
2024_01_01 - The source version
Source Date:
March 04, 2024 - RxNorm data last updated
Source License Contact:
National Library Of Medicine
NLM is a Charter Member of SNOMED International on behalf of the U.S.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656)

https://support.nlm.nih.gov/support/create-case/
- The source license contact information
Source Content Contact:
National Library Of Medicine
NLM is a Charter Member of SNOMED International on behalf of the U.S.
National Library Of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656)

https://support.nlm.nih.gov/support/create-case/
- The source content contact information
Source Short Name:
US Edition of SNOMED CT - The short name of a source as used by the NLM Knowledge Source Server

RxNorm Atom ID: 257609 - Designated preferred name
Penicillamine

RXCUI:
7975 - RxNorm Unique Identifier for a concept (Concept ID)
LAT:
ENG - Language of the Term
RXAUI:
257609 - Unique identifier for the atom (RxNorm Atom ID)
Is Prescribable?
YES - This drug is part of the RxNorm Current Prescribable Content, a subset of RxNorm that includes all drugs available for prescription in the United States. The Current Prescribable subset also includes over-the-counter drugs.
Concept Description:
Penicillamine - Description of concept identifier
Term Type (TTY):
PT - Term type in source with name and description
Term Type Name:
Designated preferred name - Name of term type in source
Term Type Description:
- Description of term type in source
Code:
387235007 - "Most useful" source asserted identifier. If the source vocabulary has more than one identifier, or a RxNorm-generated source entry identifier. (if the source vocabulary has none.)
Suppress Flag:
N
Suppressible flag. Values = N, O, Y, or E. N - not suppressible. O - Specific individual names (atoms) set as Obsolete because the name is no longer provided by the original source. Y - Suppressed by RxNorm editor. E - unquantified, non-prescribable drug with related quantified, prescribable drugs. NLM strongly recommends that users not alter editor-assigned suppressibility.
CVF:
- Content view flag. RxNorm includes one value, '4096', to denote inclusion in the Current Prescribable Content subset. All rows with CVF='4096' can be found in the subset.
RxNorm to UNII Crosswalk:
GNN1DV99GX - PENICILLAMINE ([C@H](C(=O)O)(C(S)(C)C)N) - RxNorm to UNII (Unique Ingredient Identifier) Crosswalk
Source:
SNOMEDCT_US - Concept source abbreviation
Source Name:
US Edition of SNOMED CT - The official name for a source
Source Version:
2024_01_01 - The source version
Source Date:
March 04, 2024 - RxNorm data last updated
Source License Contact:
National Library Of Medicine
NLM is a Charter Member of SNOMED International on behalf of the U.S.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656)

https://support.nlm.nih.gov/support/create-case/
- The source license contact information
Source Content Contact:
National Library Of Medicine
NLM is a Charter Member of SNOMED International on behalf of the U.S.
National Library Of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656)

https://support.nlm.nih.gov/support/create-case/
- The source content contact information
Source Short Name:
US Edition of SNOMED CT - The short name of a source as used by the NLM Knowledge Source Server

RxNorm Atom ID: 257648 - Full form of descriptor
Penicillamine (substance)

RXCUI:
7975 - RxNorm Unique Identifier for a concept (Concept ID)
LAT:
ENG - Language of the Term
RXAUI:
257648 - Unique identifier for the atom (RxNorm Atom ID)
Is Prescribable?
YES - This drug is part of the RxNorm Current Prescribable Content, a subset of RxNorm that includes all drugs available for prescription in the United States. The Current Prescribable subset also includes over-the-counter drugs.
Concept Description:
Penicillamine (substance) - Description of concept identifier
Term Type (TTY):
FN - Term type in source with name and description
Term Type Name:
Full form of descriptor - Name of term type in source
Term Type Description:
- Description of term type in source
Code:
387235007 - "Most useful" source asserted identifier. If the source vocabulary has more than one identifier, or a RxNorm-generated source entry identifier. (if the source vocabulary has none.)
Suppress Flag:
N
Suppressible flag. Values = N, O, Y, or E. N - not suppressible. O - Specific individual names (atoms) set as Obsolete because the name is no longer provided by the original source. Y - Suppressed by RxNorm editor. E - unquantified, non-prescribable drug with related quantified, prescribable drugs. NLM strongly recommends that users not alter editor-assigned suppressibility.
CVF:
- Content view flag. RxNorm includes one value, '4096', to denote inclusion in the Current Prescribable Content subset. All rows with CVF='4096' can be found in the subset.
RxNorm to UNII Crosswalk:
GNN1DV99GX - PENICILLAMINE ([C@H](C(=O)O)(C(S)(C)C)N) - RxNorm to UNII (Unique Ingredient Identifier) Crosswalk
Source:
SNOMEDCT_US - Concept source abbreviation
Source Name:
US Edition of SNOMED CT - The official name for a source
Source Version:
2024_01_01 - The source version
Source Date:
March 04, 2024 - RxNorm data last updated
Source License Contact:
National Library Of Medicine
NLM is a Charter Member of SNOMED International on behalf of the U.S.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656)

https://support.nlm.nih.gov/support/create-case/
- The source license contact information
Source Content Contact:
National Library Of Medicine
NLM is a Charter Member of SNOMED International on behalf of the U.S.
National Library Of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656)

https://support.nlm.nih.gov/support/create-case/
- The source content contact information
Source Short Name:
US Edition of SNOMED CT - The short name of a source as used by the NLM Knowledge Source Server

RxNorm Atom ID: 9261155 - Full form of descriptor
Product containing penicillamine (medicinal product)

RXCUI:
7975 - RxNorm Unique Identifier for a concept (Concept ID)
LAT:
ENG - Language of the Term
RXAUI:
9261155 - Unique identifier for the atom (RxNorm Atom ID)
Is Prescribable?
YES - This drug is part of the RxNorm Current Prescribable Content, a subset of RxNorm that includes all drugs available for prescription in the United States. The Current Prescribable subset also includes over-the-counter drugs.
Concept Description:
Product containing penicillamine (medicinal product) - Description of concept identifier
Term Type (TTY):
FN - Term type in source with name and description
Term Type Name:
Full form of descriptor - Name of term type in source
Term Type Description:
- Description of term type in source
Code:
4219002 - "Most useful" source asserted identifier. If the source vocabulary has more than one identifier, or a RxNorm-generated source entry identifier. (if the source vocabulary has none.)
Suppress Flag:
N
Suppressible flag. Values = N, O, Y, or E. N - not suppressible. O - Specific individual names (atoms) set as Obsolete because the name is no longer provided by the original source. Y - Suppressed by RxNorm editor. E - unquantified, non-prescribable drug with related quantified, prescribable drugs. NLM strongly recommends that users not alter editor-assigned suppressibility.
CVF:
- Content view flag. RxNorm includes one value, '4096', to denote inclusion in the Current Prescribable Content subset. All rows with CVF='4096' can be found in the subset.
RxNorm to UNII Crosswalk:
GNN1DV99GX - PENICILLAMINE ([C@H](C(=O)O)(C(S)(C)C)N) - RxNorm to UNII (Unique Ingredient Identifier) Crosswalk
Source:
SNOMEDCT_US - Concept source abbreviation
Source Name:
US Edition of SNOMED CT - The official name for a source
Source Version:
2024_01_01 - The source version
Source Date:
March 04, 2024 - RxNorm data last updated
Source License Contact:
National Library Of Medicine
NLM is a Charter Member of SNOMED International on behalf of the U.S.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656)

https://support.nlm.nih.gov/support/create-case/
- The source license contact information
Source Content Contact:
National Library Of Medicine
NLM is a Charter Member of SNOMED International on behalf of the U.S.
National Library Of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656)

https://support.nlm.nih.gov/support/create-case/
- The source content contact information
Source Short Name:
US Edition of SNOMED CT - The short name of a source as used by the NLM Knowledge Source Server

RxNorm Atom ID: 10808809 - Designated preferred name
Penicillamine-containing product

RXCUI:
7975 - RxNorm Unique Identifier for a concept (Concept ID)
LAT:
ENG - Language of the Term
RXAUI:
10808809 - Unique identifier for the atom (RxNorm Atom ID)
Is Prescribable?
YES - This drug is part of the RxNorm Current Prescribable Content, a subset of RxNorm that includes all drugs available for prescription in the United States. The Current Prescribable subset also includes over-the-counter drugs.
Concept Description:
Penicillamine-containing product - Description of concept identifier
Term Type (TTY):
PT - Term type in source with name and description
Term Type Name:
Designated preferred name - Name of term type in source
Term Type Description:
- Description of term type in source
Code:
4219002 - "Most useful" source asserted identifier. If the source vocabulary has more than one identifier, or a RxNorm-generated source entry identifier. (if the source vocabulary has none.)
Suppress Flag:
N
Suppressible flag. Values = N, O, Y, or E. N - not suppressible. O - Specific individual names (atoms) set as Obsolete because the name is no longer provided by the original source. Y - Suppressed by RxNorm editor. E - unquantified, non-prescribable drug with related quantified, prescribable drugs. NLM strongly recommends that users not alter editor-assigned suppressibility.
CVF:
- Content view flag. RxNorm includes one value, '4096', to denote inclusion in the Current Prescribable Content subset. All rows with CVF='4096' can be found in the subset.
RxNorm to UNII Crosswalk:
GNN1DV99GX - PENICILLAMINE ([C@H](C(=O)O)(C(S)(C)C)N) - RxNorm to UNII (Unique Ingredient Identifier) Crosswalk
Source:
SNOMEDCT_US - Concept source abbreviation
Source Name:
US Edition of SNOMED CT - The official name for a source
Source Version:
2024_01_01 - The source version
Source Date:
March 04, 2024 - RxNorm data last updated
Source License Contact:
National Library Of Medicine
NLM is a Charter Member of SNOMED International on behalf of the U.S.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656)

https://support.nlm.nih.gov/support/create-case/
- The source license contact information
Source Content Contact:
National Library Of Medicine
NLM is a Charter Member of SNOMED International on behalf of the U.S.
National Library Of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda
MD
United States
20894
1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656)

https://support.nlm.nih.gov/support/create-case/
- The source content contact information
Source Short Name:
US Edition of SNOMED CT - The short name of a source as used by the NLM Knowledge Source Server

* This product uses publicly available data courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; NLM is not responsible for the product and does not endorse or recommend this or any other product.

Patient Education

Penicillamine


Penicillamine is used to treat Wilson's disease (an inherited condition that causes copper to build up in the body and may result in serious symptoms) and cystinuria (an inherited condition which can lead to kidney stones). It is also used in combination with other treatments to treat severe rheumatoid arthritis (a condition in which the body's immune system attacks its own joints, causing pain, swelling, and loss of function) that did not get better after treatment with other medications. Penicillamine is in a class of medications called heavy metal antagonists. It works to treat Wilson's disease by binding to the extra copper in the body and causing it to leave the body through the urine. It works to treat cystinuria by binding to the substance that makes kidney stones and preventing it from building up and forming stones. It works to treat rheumatoid arthritis by decreasing some actions of the immune system.
[Learn More]


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