Valganciclovir Hydrochloride For Oral Powder, For Solution
FDA Label NDC 0591-2579

• Hematologic Toxicity: Severe leukopenia, neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, and bone marrow failure including aplastic anemia have been reported in patients treated with valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

• Impairment of Fertility: Based on animal data, valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution may cause temporary or permanent inhibition of spermatogenesis in males and suppression of fertility in females [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

• Fetal Toxicity: Based on animal data, valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution has the potential to cause birth defects in humans [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

• Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis: Based on animal data, valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution has the potential to cause cancers in humans [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].

Prevention of CMV Disease: Valganciclovir hydrochloride is indicated for the prevention of CMV disease in heart transplant patients (4 months to 16 years of age) at high risk [see Clinical Studies (14.2)].

Pediatric use information for pediatric kidney transplant patients ages 4 months to 16 years and for pediatric heart transplant patients ages 1 to less than 4 months is approved for Roche Palo Alto LLC’s VALCYTE (valganciclovir hydrochloride) tablets and oral solution. However, due to Roche Palo Alto LLC’s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

• Valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution should be taken with food [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

• Valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution (50 mg/mL) must be prepared by the pharmacist prior to dispensing to the patient [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)].

Prevention of CMV Disease in Pediatric Heart Transplant Patients: For pediatric heart transplant patients 4 months to 16 years of age, the recommended once daily mg dose (7 x BSA x CrCL) should start within 10 days of transplantation until 100 days post-transplantation.

The recommended once daily dosage of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution is based on body surface area (BSA) and creatinine clearance (CrCl) derived from a modified Schwartz formula, and is calculated using the equation below:

Pediatric Dose (mg) = 7 x BSA x CrCl (calculated using a modified Schwartz formula). If the calculated Schwartz creatinine clearance exceeds 150 mL/min/1.73m², then a maximum value of 150 mL/min/1.73m² should be used in the equation. The k values used in the modified Schwartz formula are based on pediatric patient age, as shown in Table 1.

*The k values provided are based on the Jaffe method of measuring serum creatinine, and may require correction when enzymatic methods are used^1.

Monitor serum creatinine levels regularly and consider changes in height and body weight and adapt the dose as appropriate during prophylaxis period.

All calculated doses should be rounded to the nearest 10 mg increment for the actual deliverable dose. If the calculated dose exceeds 900 mg, a maximum dose of 900 mg should be administered. Valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution is the preferred formulation since it provides the ability to administer a dose calculated according to the formula above. 

Pediatric use information for pediatric kidney transplant patients ages 4 months to 16 years and for pediatric heart transplant patients ages 1 to less than 4 months is approved for Roche Palo Alto LLC’s VALCYTE (valganciclovir hydrochloride) tablets and oral solution. However, due to Roche Palo Alto LLC’s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

• Wearing disposable gloves is recommended during reconstitution and when wiping the outer surface of the bottle/cap and the table after reconstitution.  Prior to dispensing to the patient, valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution must be prepared by the pharmacist as follows [see How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16)]:

• Measure 91 mL of purified water in a graduated cylinder.

• Shake the valganciclovir bottle to loosen the powder. Remove the child resistant bottle cap and add approximately half the total amount of water for constitution to the bottle and shake the closed bottle well for about 1 minute. Add the remainder of water and shake the closed bottle well for about 1 minute. This prepared solution contains 50 mg of valganciclovir free base per 1 mL.

• Remove the child resistant bottle cap and push the bottle adapter into the neck of the bottle.

• Close bottle with child resistant bottle cap tightly. This will assure the proper seating of the bottle adapter in the bottle and child resistant status of the cap.

• Store constituted oral solution under refrigeration at 2° to 8°C (36° to 46°F) for no longer than 49 days. Do not freeze.

• Write the date of expiration of the constituted oral solution on the bottle label.

The patient package insert, which includes the dosing instructions for patients, and 2 oral dispensers should be dispensed to the patient [see Patient Counseling Information (17)].

Caution should be exercised in the handling of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution. Because valganciclovir is considered a potential teratogen and carcinogen in humans, caution should be observed in handling the powder for oral solution and the constituted oral solution [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4, 5.5)]. Avoid direct contact with the powder for oral solution and the constituted oral solution with skin or mucous membranes. If such contact occurs, wash thoroughly with soap and water, and rinse eyes thoroughly with plain water.

Handle and dispose valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution according to guidelines for antineoplastic drugs because ganciclovir shares some of the properties of antitumor agents (i.e., carcinogenicity and mutagenicity)².

Valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution 50 mg per mL, supplied as a white to off-white powder blend for constitution, forming a colorless to brownish yellow tutti-frutti flavored solution. Available in glass bottles containing approximately 100 mL of solution after constitution.

Valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution is contraindicated in patients who have had a demonstrated clinically significant hypersensitivity reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to valganciclovir, ganciclovir, or any component of the formulation [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

Severe leukopenia, neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, and bone marrow failure including aplastic anemia have been reported in patients treated with valganciclovir or ganciclovir. Valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution should be avoided if the absolute neutrophil count is less than 500 cells/μL, the platelet count is less than 25,000/μL, or the hemoglobin is less than 8 g/dL. Valganciclovir hydrochloride should also be used with caution in patients with pre-existing cytopenias and in patients receiving myelosuppressive drugs or irradiation. Cytopenia may occur at any time during treatment and may worsen with continued dosing. Cell counts usually begin to recover within 3 to 7 days after discontinuing drug. In patients with severe leukopenia, neutropenia, anemia and/or thrombocytopenia, treatment with hematopoietic growth factors may be considered.

Due to the frequency of neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia in patients receiving valganciclovir [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)], complete blood counts with differential and platelet counts should be performed frequently, especially in patients with renal impairment and in patients in whom ganciclovir or other nucleoside analogues have previously resulted in leukopenia, or in whom neutrophil counts are less than 1000 cells/μL at the beginning of treatment. Increased monitoring for cytopenias may be warranted if therapy with oral ganciclovir is changed to valganciclovir, because of increased plasma concentrations of ganciclovir after valganciclovir administration [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Acute renal failure may occur in:

• Elderly patients with or without reduced renal function. Caution should be exercised when administering valganciclovir to geriatric patients, and dosage reduction is recommended for those with impaired renal function [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5, 8.6)].
• Patients receiving potential nephrotoxic drugs. Caution should be exercised when administering valganciclovir to patients receiving potential nephrotoxic drugs.
• Patients without adequate hydration. Adequate hydration should be maintained for all patients.

Based on animal data with ganciclovir, valganciclovir at the recommended human doses may cause temporary or permanent inhibition of spermatogenesis in males, and may cause suppression of fertility in females. Advise patients that fertility may be impaired with use of valganciclovir [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3), Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].

Ganciclovir may cause fetal toxicity when administered to pregnant women based on findings in animal studies. When given to pregnant rabbits at dosages resulting in 2-times the human exposure (based on AUC), ganciclovir caused malformations in multiple organs of the fetuses. Maternal and fetal toxicity were also observed in pregnant mice and rabbits. Therefore, valganciclovir has the potential to cause birth defects. Pregnancy should be avoided in female patients taking valganciclovir and in females with male partners taking valganciclovir. Females of reproductive potential should be advised to use effective contraception during treatment and for at least 30 days following treatment with valganciclovir because of the potential risk to the fetus. Similarly, males should be advised to use condoms during and for at least 90 days following treatment with valganciclovir [see Dosage and Administration (2.6), Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3), Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].

Animal data indicate that ganciclovir is mutagenic and carcinogenic. Valganciclovir should therefore be considered a potential carcinogen in humans [see Dosage and Administration (2.6), Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].

The following serious adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling:

• Hematologic Toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
• Acute Renal Failure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

• Impairment of Fertility [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

• Fetal Toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

• Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].

The most common adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities reported in at least one indication by greater than or equal to 20% of adult patients treated with valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets are diarrhea, pyrexia, fatigue, nausea, tremor, neutropenia, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, headache, insomnia, urinary tract infection, and vomiting. The most common reported adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities reported in greater than or equal to 20% of pediatric solid organ transplant recipients treated with valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution or tablets are diarrhea, pyrexia, upper respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, vomiting, neutropenia, leukopenia, and headache.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect rates observed in practice.

Valganciclovir, a prodrug of ganciclovir, is rapidly converted to ganciclovir after oral administration. Adverse reactions known to be associated with ganciclovir usage can therefore be expected to occur with valganciclovir.

Adverse Reactions in Adults:

Treatment of CMV Retinitis in AIDS Patients: In a clinical study for the treatment of CMV retinitis in HIV-infected patients, the adverse reactions reported by patients receiving valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets (n=79) or intravenous ganciclovir (n=79) for 28 days of randomized therapy (21 days induction dose and 7 days maintenance dose), respectively, included diarrhea (16%, 10%), nausea (8%, 14%), and headache (9%, 5%). The incidence of adverse reactions was similar between the group who received valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets and the group who received intravenous ganciclovir. The frequencies of neutropenia (ANC less than 500/μL) were 11% for patients receiving valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets compared with 13% for patients receiving intravenous ganciclovir. Anemia (Hgb less than 8 g/dL) occurred in 8% of patients in each group. Other laboratory abnormalities occurred with similar frequencies in the two groups.

Adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities are available for 370 patients who received maintenance therapy with valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets 900 mg once daily in two open-label clinical trials. Approximately 252 (68%) of these patients received valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets for more than nine months (maximum duration was 36 months). Table 3 and Table 4 show pooled selected adverse reactions and abnormal laboratory values from these patients.

Prevention of CMV Disease in Solid Organ Transplant Patients: Table 5 shows selected adverse reactions regardless of severity with an incidence of greater than or equal to 5% from a clinical trial (up to 28 days after study treatment) where heart, kidney, kidney-pancreas and liver transplant patients received valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets (N=244) or oral ganciclovir (N=126) until Day 100 post-transplant. The majority of the adverse reactions were of mild or moderate intensity.

Table 6 shows selected adverse reactions regardless of severity with an incidence of greater than or equal to 5% from another clinical trial where kidney transplant patients received either valganciclovir once daily starting within 10 days post-transplant until Day 100 post-transplant followed by 100 days of placebo or valganciclovir once daily until Day 200 post-transplant. The overall safety profile of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution did not change with the extension of prophylaxis until Day 200 post-transplant in high risk kidney transplant patients.

Tables 7 and 8 show selected laboratory abnormalities reported with valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets in two trials in solid organ transplant patients.

* Laboratory abnormalities are those reported by investigators.

* Laboratory abnormalities are those reported by investigators.

Other adverse drug reactions from valganciclovir hydrochloride in clinical trials in CMV retinitis and solid organ transplant patients

Other adverse drug reactions with valganciclovir hydrochloride in clinical trials in either patients with CMV retinitis or solid organ transplant patients that occurred in at least 5% of patients are listed below.

Eye disorders: retinal detachment, eye pain

Gastrointestinal disorders: dyspepsia, constipation, abdominal distention, mouth ulceration

General disorders and administration site conditions: fatigue, pain, malaise, asthenia, chills, peripheral edema

Hepatobiliary disorders: hepatic function abnormal

Infections and infestations: candida infections including oral candidiasis, upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, urinary tract infections, pharyngitis/nasopharyngitis, postoperative wound infection

Injury, poisoning, and procedural complications: postoperative complications, wound secretion

Metabolic and nutrition disorders: decreased appetite, hyperkalemia, hypophosphatemia, weight decreased

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: back pain, myalgia, arthralgia, muscle spasms

Nervous system disorders: insomnia, neuropathy peripheral, dizziness

Psychiatric disorders: depression, anxiety

Renal and urinary disorders: renal impairment, creatinine clearance renal decreased, blood creatinine increased, hematuria

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: cough, dyspnea

Skin and subcutaneous tissues disorders: dermatitis, night sweats, pruritus

Vascular disorders: hypotension

Other adverse reactions with valganciclovir hydrochloride in clinical trials in either patients with CMV retinitis or solid organ transplant patients that occurred in less than 5% of patients are listed below.

Blood and lymphatic disorders: febrile neutropenia, pancytopenia, bone marrow failure (including aplastic anemia)

Cardiovascular disorders: arrhythmias

Ear and labyrinth disorders: deafness Eye disorders: macular edema Gastrointestinal disorders: pancreatitis

Hemorrhage: potentially life-threatening bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia

Immune system disorders: hypersensitivity

Infections and infestations: cellulitis, sepsis

Injury, poisoning, and procedural complications: postoperative pain, wound dehiscence

Investigations: aspartate aminotransferase increased, alanine aminotransferase increased

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: limb pain

Nervous system disorders: seizures, dysguesia (taste disturbance)

Psychiatric disorders: confusional state, agitation, psychotic disorder, hallucinations

Renal and urinary disorders: renal failure

Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients:

Valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution and tablets have been studied in 179 pediatric solid organ transplant patients who were at risk for developing CMV disease (aged 3 weeks to 16 years) and in 24 neonates with symptomatic congenital CMV disease (aged 8 to 34 days), with duration of ganciclovir exposure ranging from 2 to 200 days  [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4), Clinical Studies (14.2)].

Prevention of CMV Disease in Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant Patients: The most frequently reported adverse reactions (greater than 10% of patients), regardless of seriousness, in pediatric solid organ transplant patients taking valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution until Day 100 post-transplant were diarrhea, pyrexia, upper respiratory tract infection,  vomiting, anemia, neutropenia, constipation and nausea. The most frequently reported adverse reactions (greater than 10% of patients) in pediatric kidney transplant patients treated with valganciclovir until Day 200 post-transplant were upper respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, diarrhea, leukopenia, neutropenia, headache, abdominal pain, tremor, pyrexia, anemia, blood creatinine increased, vomiting, and hematuria.

In general, the safety profile was similar in pediatric patients compared to that observed in adult patients. However, the rates of certain adverse reactions, and laboratory abnormalities, such as upper respiratory tract infection, pyrexia, nasopharyngitis, anemia, and abdominal pain were reported more frequently in pediatric patients than in adults [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4), Clinical Studies (14.2)]. Neutropenia was reported with higher incidence in the two pediatric studies as compared to adults, but there was no correlation between neutropenia and infections observed in the pediatric population.

Pediatric use information for pediatric kidney transplant patients ages 4 months to 16 years and for pediatric heart transplant patients ages 1 to less than 4 months is approved for Roche Palo Alto LLC’s VALCYTE (valganciclovir hydrochloride) tablets and oral solution. However, due to Roche Palo Alto LLC’s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of valganciclovir. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. As valganciclovir is rapidly and extensively converted to ganciclovir, any adverse reactions associated with ganciclovir might also occur with valganciclovir.

- Anaphylactic reactions

- Agranulocytosis

- Granulocytopenia

In general, the adverse reactions reported during the postmarketing use of valganciclovir were similar to those identified during the clinical trials.

In vivo drug-drug interaction studies were not conducted with valganciclovir. However, because valganciclovir is rapidly and extensively converted to ganciclovir, drug-drug interactions associated with ganciclovir will be expected for valganciclovir. Drug-drug interaction studies with ganciclovir were conducted in patients with normal renal function. Following concomitant administration of valganciclovir  and other renally excreted drugs, patients with impaired renal function may have increased concentrations of ganciclovir and the coadministered drug. Therefore, these patients should be closely monitored for toxicity of ganciclovir and the coadministered drug.

Established and other potentially significant drug interactions conducted with ganciclovir are listed in Table 9.

Risk Summary

After oral administration, valganciclovir (prodrug) is converted to ganciclovir (active drug) and, therefore, valganciclovir is expected to have reproductive toxicity effects similar to ganciclovir. In animal studies, ganciclovir caused maternal and fetal toxicity and embryo-fetal mortality in pregnant mice and rabbits as well as teratogenicity in rabbits at exposures two-times the human exposure. There are no available human data on use of valganciclovir or ganciclovir in pregnant women to establish the presence or absence of drug-associated risk. The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations is unknown. However, the background risk in the U.S. general population of major birth defects is 2% to 4% and the risk of miscarriage is 15% to 20% of clinically recognized pregnancies. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to the fetus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3), Use in Specific Populations (8.3)].

Clinical Considerations

Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk

Most maternal CMV infections are asymptomatic or they may be associated with a self-limited mononucleosis-like syndrome. However, in immunocompromised patients (i.e., transplant patients or patients with AIDS) CMV infections may be symptomatic and may result in significant maternal morbidity and mortality. The transmission of CMV to the fetus is a result of maternal viremia and transplacental infection. Perinatal infection can also occur from exposure of the neonate to CMV shedding in the genital tract. Approximately 10% of children with congenital CMV infection are symptomatic at birth. Mortality in these infants is about 10% and approximately 50% to 90% of symptomatic surviving newborns experience significant morbidity, including mental retardation, sensorineural hearing loss, microcephaly, seizures, and other medical problems. The risk of congenital CMV infection resulting from primary maternal CMV infection may be higher and of greater severity than that resulting from maternal reactivation of CMV infection.

Data

Animal Data

At doses resulting in two-times the human exposure of ganciclovir (all dose comparisons presented are based on the human AUC following a single intravenous infusion of 5 mg per kg of ganciclovir) resulted in maternal and embryo-fetal toxicity in pregnant mice and rabbits as well as teratogenicity in the rabbits. Fetal resorptions were present in at least 85% of rabbits and mice. Rabbits showed increased embryo-fetal mortality, growth retardation of the fetuses and structural abnormalities of multiple organs of the fetuses including the palate (cleft palate), eyes (anophthalmia/microphthalmia), brain (hydrocephalus), jaw (brachygnathia), kidneys and pancreas (aplastic organs). Increased embryo-fetal mortality was also seen in mice. Daily intravenous doses of approximately 1.7-times the human exposure (based on AUC) administered to female mice prior to mating, during gestation, and during lactation caused hypoplasia of the testes and seminal vesicles in the male offspring, as well as pathologic changes in the nonglandular region of the stomach.

Data from an ex-vivo human placental model showed that ganciclovir crosses the human placenta. The transfer occurred by passive diffusion and was not saturable over a concentration range of 1 to 10 mg/mL.

Risk Summary

No data are available regarding the presence of valganciclovir (prodrug) or ganciclovir (active drug) in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. Animal data indicate that ganciclovir is excreted in the milk of lactating rats. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-infected mothers not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV. Advise nursing mothers that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with valganciclovir because of the potential for serious adverse events in nursing infants and because of the potential for transmission of HIV [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5), Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].

Pregnancy Testing

Females of reproductive potential should undergo pregnancy testing before initiation of valganciclovir [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

Contraception

Females

Because of the mutagenic and teratogenic potential of valganciclovir, females of reproductive potential should be advised to use effective contraception during treatment and for at least 30 days following treatment with valganciclovir [see Dosage and Administration (2.6), Warnings and Precautions (5.4, 5.5), Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].

Males

Because of its mutagenic potential, males should be advised to use condoms during and for at least 90 days following, treatment with valganciclovir [see Dosage and Administration (2.6), Warnings and Precautions (5.3), Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].

Infertility

Valganciclovir at the recommended doses may cause temporary or permanent female and male infertility [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3), Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].

Valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution and tablets are indicated for the prevention of CMV disease in pediatric heart transplant patients 4 months to 16 years of age at risk for developing CMV disease  [see Indications and Usage (1.2), Dosage and Administration (2.3)].

Study 1 was a safety and pharmacokinetic study in pediatric solid organ transplant patients (kidney, liver, heart, and kidney/pancreas). Valganciclovir hydrochloride was administered once daily within 10 days of transplantation for a maximum of 100 days post-transplantation.

The use of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution and tablets for the prevention of CMV disease in pediatric heart transplant patients 4 months to 16 years of age is based on two studies (Study 1 described above and Study 3) and was supported by previous demonstration of efficacy in adult patients [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3), Clinical Studies (14.2)]. Study 3 was a pharmacokinetic and safety study of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution in pediatric heart transplant patients less than 4 months of age who received a single dose of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution on each of two consecutive days. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed based on the available pharmacokinetic data from pediatric and adult patients to support dosing in heart transplant patients less than 1 month of age. However, due to uncertainty in model predictions for neonates, valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution is not indicated for prophylaxis in this age group.

The safety and efficacy of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution and tablets have not been established in children for prevention of CMV disease in pediatric liver transplant patients, in kidney transplant patients less than 4 months of age, in heart transplant patients less than 1 month of age, in pediatric AIDS patients with CMV retinitis, and in infants with congenital CMV infection.

A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution was performed in 24 neonates with congenital CMV infection involving the central nervous system. All patients were treated for 6 weeks with a combination of intravenous ganciclovir 6 mg per kg twice daily or valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution at doses ranging from 14 mg per kg to 20 mg per kg twice daily. The pharmacokinetic results showed that in infants greater than 7 days to 3 months of age, a dose of 16 mg per kg twice daily of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution provided ganciclovir systemic exposures (median AUC_0-12h = 23.6 [range 16.8 – 35.5] mcg∙h/mL; n = 6) comparable to those obtained in infants up to 3 months of age from a 6 mg per kg dose of intravenous ganciclovir twice daily (AUC_0-12h = 25.3 [range 2.4 – 89.7] mcg∙h/mL; n = 18) or to the ganciclovir systemic exposures obtained in adults from a 900 mg dose of valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets twice daily. However, the efficacy and safety of intravenous ganciclovir and of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution have not been established for the treatment of congenital CMV infection in infants and no similar disease occurs in adults; therefore, efficacy cannot be extrapolated from intravenous ganciclovir use in adults.

Pediatric use information for pediatric kidney transplant patients ages 4 months to 16 years and for pediatric heart transplant patients ages 1 to less than 4 months is approved for Roche Palo Alto LLC’s VALCYTE (valganciclovir hydrochloride) tablets and oral solution. However, due to Roche Palo Alto LLC’s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

Studies of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution or tablets have not been conducted in adults older than 65 years of age. Clinical studies of valganciclovir did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. Valganciclovir hydrochloride is known to be substantially excreted by the kidneys, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because renal clearance decreases with age, valganciclovir hydrochloride should be administered with consideration of their renal status. Renal function should be monitored and dosage adjustments should be made accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2), Use in Specific Populations (8.6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Dose reduction is recommended when administering valganciclovir to patients with renal impairment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

For adult patients on hemodialysis (CrCl less than 10 mL/min) valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets should not be used. Adult hemodialysis patients should use ganciclovir in accordance with the dose-reduction algorithm cited in the Cytovene^®-IV complete product information section on DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Renal Impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

The safety and efficacy of valganciclovir have not been studied in patients with hepatic impairment.

Experience with Valganciclovir Hydrochloride Tablets: An overdose of valganciclovir hydrochloride could possibly result in increased renal toxicity [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)]. Because ganciclovir is dialyzable, dialysis may be useful in reducing serum concentrations in patients who have received an overdose of valganciclovir hydrochloride [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Adequate hydration should be maintained. The use of hematopoietic growth factors should be considered [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Reports of adverse reactions after overdoses with valganciclovir, some with fatal outcomes, have been received from clinical trials and during post-marketing experience. The majority of patients experienced one or more of the following adverse events:

Hematological toxicity: myelosuppression including pancytopenia, medullary aplasia, leukopenia, neutropenia, granulocytopenia

Hepatotoxicity: hepatitis, liver function disorder

Renal toxicity: worsening of hematuria in a patient with pre-existing renal impairment, acute renal failure, elevated creatinine

Gastrointestinal toxicity: abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting

Neurotoxicity: generalized tremor, seizures

Valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution contains valganciclovir hydrochloride, USP (valganciclovir HCl), a hydrochloride salt of the L-valyl ester of ganciclovir that exists as a mixture of two diastereomers. Ganciclovir is a synthetic guanine derivative active against CMV.

Valganciclovir is available as a powder blend for oral solution, which when constituted with water as directed contains 50 mg/mL valganciclovir free base. The inactive ingredients of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution are mannitol, sodium benzoate, sucralose, tartaric acid and tutti-frutti flavoring.

Valganciclovir HCl, USP is a white to almost white powder with a molecular formula of C₁₄H₂₂N₆O₅·HCl and a molecular weight of 390.83. The chemical name for valganciclovir HCl, USP is L-Valine, 2-[(2-amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-9H-purin-9-yl)methoxy]-3-hydroxypropyl ester, monohydrochloride. Valganciclovir HCl, USP is a polar hydrophilic compound with a solubility of 70 mg/mL in water at 25°C at a pH of 7.0 and an n-octanol/water partition coefficient of 0.0095 at pH 7.0. The pKa for valganciclovir HCl, USP is 7.6.

The chemical structure of valganciclovir HCl, USP is:

All doses in this insert are specified in terms of valganciclovir.

Valganciclovir is an antiviral drug with activity against CMV [see Microbiology (12.4)].

Valganciclovir is a prodrug of ganciclovir. Valganciclovir C_max and AUC are approximately 1% and 3% of those of ganciclovir, respectively.

Pharmacokinetics in Adults: The pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir after administration of valganciclovir tablets have been evaluated in HIV- and CMV-seropositive patients, patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis, and in solid organ transplant patients (Table 10).

*Data were obtained from single and multiple dose studies in healthy volunteers, HIV-positive patients, and HIV-positive/CMV-positive patients with and without retinitis. Patients with CMV retinitis tended to have higher ganciclovir plasma concentrations than patients without CMV retinitis.

The systemic ganciclovir exposures attained following administration of 900 mg valganciclovir tablets once daily were comparable across kidney, heart and liver transplant recipients (Table 11).

* Includes kidney-pancreas

The pharmacokinetic parameters of ganciclovir following 200 days of valganciclovir administration in high-risk kidney transplant patients were similar to those in solid organ transplant patients who received valganciclovir for 100 days.

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion

The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of valganciclovir hydrochloride are provided in Table 12.

^aSteady state ganciclovir PK was assessed after administration of valganciclovir tablets (875 mg once daily) were administered with a high fat meal containing approximately 600 total calories (31.1 g fat, 51.6 g carbohydrates and 22.2 g protein) to 16 HIV-positive subjects.

Specific Populations:

Renal Impairment: The pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir from a single oral dose of 900 mg valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets were evaluated in 24 otherwise healthy individuals with renal impairment. Decreased renal function results in decreased clearance of ganciclovir and increased terminal half-life (Table 13).

*Creatinine clearance calculated from 24-hour urine collection.

Hemodialysis reduces plasma concentrations of ganciclovir by about 50% following valganciclovir administration. Adult patients receiving hemodialysis (CrCl less than 10 mL/min) cannot use valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets because the daily dose of valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets required for these patients is less than 450 mg [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: The pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir were evaluated following the administration of valganciclovir in 63 pediatric solid organ transplant patients aged 4 months to 16 years, and in 16  pediatric heart transplant patients less than 4 months of age. In these studies, patients received oral doses of valganciclovir (either valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution or tablets) to produce exposure equivalent to an adult 900 mg dose [see Dosage and Administration (2.3), Adverse Reactions (6.1), Use in Specific Populations (8.4), Clinical Studies (14.2)].

In studies using the pediatric valganciclovir dosing algorithm, the pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir were similar across organ types and age ranges (Table 14). Relative to adult transplant patients (Table 11), AUC values in pediatric patients were somewhat increased, but were within the range considered safe and effective in adults.

N= number of patients, NA=not applicable
^aAges ranged from 26 to 124 days.

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: The pharmacokinetic characteristics of valganciclovir in elderly patients have not been established.

Drug Interactions: In vivo drug-drug interaction studies were not conducted with valganciclovir. However, because valganciclovir is rapidly and extensively converted to ganciclovir, interactions associated with ganciclovir will be expected for valganciclovir [see Drug Interactions (7)].

Table 15 and Table 16 provide a listing of established drug interaction studies with ganciclovir. Table 15 provides the effects of coadministered drug on ganciclovir plasma pharmacokinetic parameters, whereas Table 16 provides the effects of ganciclovir on plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of coadministered drug.

Pediatric use information for pediatric kidney transplant patients ages 4 months to 16 years and for pediatric heart transplant patients ages 1 to less than 4 months is approved for Roche Palo Alto LLC’s VALCYTE (valganciclovir hydrochloride) tablets and oral solution. However, due to Roche Palo Alto LLC’s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

Mechanism of Action: Valganciclovir is an L-valyl ester (prodrug) of ganciclovir that exists as a mixture of two diastereomers. After oral administration, both diastereomers are rapidly converted to ganciclovir by intestinal and hepatic esterases. Ganciclovir is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, which inhibits replication of human CMV in cell culture and in vivo.

In CMV-infected cells ganciclovir is initially phosphorylated to ganciclovir monophosphate by the viral protein kinase, pUL97. Further phosphorylation occurs by cellular kinases to produce ganciclovir triphosphate, which is then slowly metabolized intracellularly (half-life 18 hours). As the phosphorylation is largely dependent on the viral kinase, phosphorylation of ganciclovir occurs preferentially in virus-infected cells. The virustatic activity of ganciclovir is due to inhibition of the viral DNA polymerase, pUL54, synthesis by ganciclovir triphosphate.

Antiviral Activity: The quantitative relationship between the cell culture susceptibility of human herpes viruses to antivirals and clinical response to antiviral therapy has not been established, and virus sensitivity testing has not been standardized. Sensitivity test results, expressed as the concentration of drug required to inhibit the growth of virus in cell culture by 50% (EC50), vary greatly depending upon a number of factors including the assay used. Thus, the reported EC50 values of ganciclovir that inhibit human CMV replication in cell culture (laboratory and clinical isolates) have ranged from 0.08 to 22.94 μM (0.02 to 5.75 mcg/mL). The distribution and range in susceptibility observed in one assay evaluating 130 clinical isolates was 0 to 1 μM (35%), 1.1 to 2 μM (20%), 2.1 to 3 μM (27%), 3.1 to 4 μM (13%), 4.1 to 5 μM (5%), less than 5 μM (less than 1%). Ganciclovir inhibits mammalian cell proliferation (CC₅₀) in cell culture at higher concentrations ranging from 40 to greater than 1,000 μM (10.21 to greater than 250 mcg/mL). Bone marrow-derived colony-forming cells are more sensitive [CC₅₀ value = 2.7 to 12 μM (0.69 to 3.06 mcg/mL)].

Viral Resistance:

Cell culture: CMV isolates with reduced susceptibility to ganciclovir have been selected in cell culture. Growth of CMV strains in the presence of ganciclovir resulted in the selection of amino acid substitutions in the viral protein kinase pUL97 (M460I/V, L595S, G598D, and K599T) and the viral DNA polymerase pUL54 (D301N, N410K, F412V, P488R, L516R, C539R, L545S, F595I, V812L, P829S, L862F, D879G, and V946L).

In vivo: Viruses resistant to ganciclovir can arise after prolonged treatment or prophylaxis with valganciclovir by selection of substitutions in pUL97 and/or pUL54. Limited clinical data are available on the development of clinical resistance to ganciclovir and many pathways to resistance likely exist. In clinical isolates, seven canonical pUL97 substitutions, (M460V/I, H520Q, C592G, A594V, L595S, and C603W) are the most frequently reported ganciclovir resistance-associated substitutions. These and other substitutions less frequently reported in the literature, or observed in clinical trials, are listed in Table 17.

Note: Many additional pathways to ganciclovir resistance likely exist

The presence of known ganciclovir resistance-associated amino acid substitutions was evaluated in a study that extended valganciclovir CMV prophylaxis from 100 days to 200 days post-transplant in adult kidney transplant patients at high risk for CMV disease (D+/R-) [see Clinical Studies (14.1)]. Five subjects from the 100 day group and four subjects from the 200 day group meeting the resistance analysis criteria had known ganciclovir resistance-associated amino acid substitutions detected. In six subjects, the following resistance-associated amino acid substitutions were detected within pUL97: 100 day group: A440V, M460V, C592G; 200 day group: M460V, C603W. In three subjects, the following resistance-associated amino acid substitutions were detected within pUL54: 100 day group: E315D; 200 day group: E315D, P522S. Overall, the detection of known ganciclovir resistance-associated amino acid substitutions was observed more frequently in patients during prophylaxis therapy than after the completion of prophylaxis therapy (during therapy: 5/12 [42%] versus after therapy: 4/58 [7%]). The possibility of viral resistance should be considered in patients who show poor clinical response or experience persistent viral excretion during therapy.

Cross-Resistance: Cross-resistance has been reported for amino acid substitutions selected in cell culture by ganciclovir, cidofovir or foscarnet. In general, amino acid substitutions in pUL54 conferring cross-resistance to ganciclovir and cidofovir are located within the exonuclease domains and region V of the viral DNA polymerase. Whereas, amino acid substitutions conferring cross-resistance to foscarnet are diverse, but concentrate at and between regions II (codon 696-742) and III (codon 805-845). The amino acid substitutions that resulted in reduced susceptibility to ganciclovir and either cidofovir and/or foscarnet are summarized in Table 18.

Substitutions at amino acid positions pUL97 340-400 have been found to confer resistance to ganciclovir. Resistance data based on assays that do not include this region should be interpreted cautiously.

Long-term carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted with valganciclovir. However, upon oral administration, valganciclovir is rapidly and extensively converted to ganciclovir. Therefore, like ganciclovir, valganciclovir is a potential carcinogen.

Ganciclovir was carcinogenic in the mouse at oral doses that produced exposures approximately 0.1x and 1.4x, respectively, the mean drug exposure in humans following the recommended intravenous dose of 5 mg/kg, based on area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) comparisons. At the higher dose there was a significant increase in the incidence of tumors of the preputial gland in males, forestomach (nonglandular mucosa) in males and females, and reproductive tissues (ovaries, uterus, mammary gland, clitoral gland and vagina) and liver in females. At the lower dose, a slightly increased incidence of tumors was noted in the preputial and harderian glands in males, forestomach in males and females, and liver in females. Ganciclovir should be considered a potential carcinogen in humans.

Valganciclovir increases mutations in mouse lymphoma cells. In the mouse micronucleus assay, valganciclovir was clastogenic. Valganciclovir was not mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella assay. Ganciclovir increased mutations in mouse lymphoma cells and DNA damage in human lymphocytes in vitro. In the mouse micronucleus assay, ganciclovir was clastogenic. Ganciclovir was not mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella assay.

Valganciclovir is converted to ganciclovir and therefore is expected to have similar reproductive toxicity effects as ganciclovir [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]. Ganciclovir caused decreased mating behavior, decreased fertility, and an increased incidence of embryolethality in female mice following intravenous doses that produced an exposure approximately 1.7x the mean drug exposure in humans following the dose of 5 mg per kg, based on AUC comparisons. Ganciclovir caused decreased fertility in male mice and hypospermatogenesis in mice and dogs following daily oral or intravenous administration. Systemic drug exposure (AUC) at the lowest dose showing toxicity in each species ranged from 0.03 to 0.1x the AUC of the recommended human intravenous dose. Valganciclovir caused similar effects on spermatogenesis in mice, rats, and dogs. These effects were reversible at lower doses but irreversible at higher doses. It is considered likely that ganciclovir (and valganciclovir) could cause temporary or permanent inhibition of human spermatogenesis.

Induction Therapy of CMV Retinitis: In one randomized open-label controlled study, 160 patients with AIDS and newly diagnosed CMV retinitis were randomized to receive treatment with either valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets (900 mg twice daily for 21 days, then 900 mg once daily for 7 days) or with intravenous ganciclovir solution (5 mg per kg twice daily for 21 days, then 5 mg per kg once daily for 7 days). Study participants were: male (91%), White (53%), Hispanic (31%), and Black (11%). The median age was 39 years, the median baseline HIV-1 RNA was 4.9 log10, and the median CD4 cell count was 23 cells/mm³. A determination of CMV retinitis progression by the masked review of retinal photographs taken at baseline and Week 4 was the primary outcome measurement of the 3-week induction therapy. Table 19 provides the outcomes at 4 weeks.

Maintenance Therapy of CMV Retinitis: No comparative clinical data are available on the efficacy of valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets for the maintenance therapy of CMV retinitis because all patients in the CMV retinitis study received open-label valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets after Week 4. However, the AUC for ganciclovir is similar following administration of 900 mg valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets once daily and 5 mg per kg intravenous ganciclovir once daily. Although the ganciclovir Cmax is lower following valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets administration compared to intravenous ganciclovir, it is higher than the Cmax obtained following oral ganciclovir administration. Therefore, use of valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets as maintenance therapy is supported by a plasma concentration-time profile similar to that of two approved products for maintenance therapy of CMV retinitis.

Prevention of CMV Disease in Heart, Kidney, Kidney-Pancreas, or Liver Transplantation: A double blind, double-dummy active comparator study was conducted in 372 heart, liver, kidney, or kidney-pancreas transplant patients at high risk for CMV disease (D+/R-). Patients were randomized (2 valganciclovir hydrochloride: 1 oral ganciclovir) to receive either valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets (900 mg once daily) or oral ganciclovir (1000 mg three times a day) starting within 10 days of transplantation until Day 100 post-transplant. The proportion of patients who developed CMV disease, including CMV syndrome and/or tissue-invasive disease during the first 6 months post-transplant was similar between the valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets arm (12.1%, N=239) and the oral ganciclovir arm (15.2%, N=125). However, in liver transplant patients, the incidence of tissue-invasive CMV disease was significantly higher in the valganciclovir hydrochloride group compared with the ganciclovir group. These results are summarized in Table 20.

Mortality at six months was 3.7% (9/244) in the valganciclovir hydrochloride group and 1.6% (2/126) in the oral ganciclovir group.

GCV = oral ganciclovir; VGCV = valganciclovir
¹Number of patients with CMV disease = Number of patients with tissue-invasive CMV disease or CMV syndrome
²CMV syndrome was defined as evidence of CMV viremia accompanied with fever greater than or equal to 38°C on two or more occasions separated by at least 24 hours within a 7-day period and one or more of the following: malaise, leukopenia, atypical lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and elevation of hepatic transaminases

Prevention of CMV Disease in Kidney Transplantation:  A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 326 kidney transplant patients at high risk for CMV disease (D+/R-) to assess the efficacy and safety of extending valganciclovir hydrochloride CMV prophylaxis from 100 to 200 days post-transplant. Patients were randomized (1:1) to receive valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets (900 mg once daily) within 10 days of transplantation either until Day 200 post-transplant or until Day 100 post-transplant followed by 100 days of placebo. Extending CMV prophylaxis with valganciclovir hydrochloride until Day 200 post-transplant demonstrated superiority in preventing CMV disease within the first 12 months post-transplant in high risk kidney transplant patients compared to the 100 day dosing regimen (primary endpoint). These results are summarized in Table 21.

VGCV = valganciclovir.
¹Number of patients with CMV disease = Number of patients with tissue-invasive CMV disease or CMV syndrome
²CMV syndrome was defined as evidence of CMV viremia accompanied with at least one of the following: fever (greater than or equal to 38°C), severe malaise, leukopenia, atypical lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and elevation of hepatic transaminases
³Two patients in the 100 day group had both tissue-invasive CMV disease and CMV syndrome; however, these patients are counted as having only tissue-invasive CMV disease.

The percentage of kidney transplant patients with CMV disease at 24 months post-transplant was 38.7% (63/163) for the 100 day dosing regimen and 21.3% (33/155) for the 200 day dosing regimen.

Prevention of CMV in Pediatric Heart, Kidney, or Liver Transplantation: Sixty-three children, 4 months to 16 years of age, who had a solid organ transplant (kidney 33, liver 17, heart 12, and kidney/liver 1) and were at risk for developing CMV disease, were enrolled in an open-label, safety, and pharmacokinetic study of oral valganciclovir (valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution or tablets). Patients received valganciclovir once daily within 10 days after transplant until a maximum of 100 days post-transplant. The daily doses of valganciclovir were calculated at each study visit based on body surface area and a modified creatinine clearance [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].

The pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir were similar across organ transplant types and age ranges. The mean daily ganciclovir exposures in pediatric patients were somewhat increased relative to those observed in adult solid organ transplant patients receiving valganciclovir 900 mg once daily, but were within the range considered safe and effective in adults [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. No case of CMV syndrome or tissue-invasive CMV disease was reported within the first six months post-transplantation.

Pediatric use information for pediatric kidney transplant patients ages 4 months to 16 years and for pediatric heart transplant patients ages 1 to less than 4 months is approved for Roche Palo Alto LLC’s VALCYTE (valganciclovir hydrochloride) tablets and oral solution. However, due to Roche Palo Alto LLC’s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

• Brion LP, Fleischman AR, McCarton C, Schwartz, GJ. A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in low birth weight infants during the first year of life: noninvasive assessment of body composition and growth. J of Ped 1986: 109(4): 698-707.
• NIOSH [2014]. NIOSH list of antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs in healthcare settings. By Connor T.H, MacKenzie BA, DeBord DG, Trout DB, O’Callaghan JP, Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2014-138 (Supersedes 2012-150).

Valganciclovir hydrochloride for Oral Solution: Supplied as a white to off-white powder blend for constitution, forming a colorless to brownish yellow tutti-frutti flavored solution. Available in glass bottles containing approximately 100 mL of solution after constitution. Each bottle can deliver up to a total of 88 mL of solution. Each bottle is supplied with a bottle adapter and 2 oral dispensers (NDC 0591-2579-20)

Prior to dispensing to the patient, valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution must be prepared by the pharmacist [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)].

Store dry powder at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].

Store constituted solution under refrigeration at 2° to 8°C (36° to 46°F) for no longer than 49 days. Do not freeze.

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information and Instructions for Use).

Serious Adverse Reactions

Inform patients that valganciclovir may cause granulocytopenia (neutropenia), anemia, thrombocytopenia and elevated creatinine levels and that dose modification or discontinuation of dosing may be required. Complete blood counts, platelet counts, and creatinine levels should be monitored frequently during treatment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Pregnancy and Contraception

Inform females of reproductive potential that valganciclovir causes birth defects in animals. Advise them to use effective contraception during and for at least 30 days following treatment with valganciclovir. Similarly, advise males to use condoms during and for at least 90 days following treatment with valganciclovir [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)].

Carcinogenicity

Advise patients that valganciclovir is considered a potential carcinogen [see Nonclinical Toxicity (13.1)].

Lactation

Advise mothers not to breast-feed if they are receiving valganciclovir because of the potential for hematologic toxicity and cancer in nursing infants, and because HIV can be passed to the baby in breast milk [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)].

Infertility

Advise patients that valganciclovir may cause temporary or permanent female and male infertility [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3), Use in Specific Populations (8.3)].

Impairment of Cognitive Ability

Inform patients that tasks requiring alertness may be affected including the patient’s ability to drive and operate machinery as seizures, sedation, dizziness, and/or confusion have been reported with the use of valganciclovir [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

Use in Patients with CMV Retinitis

Inform patients that valganciclovir is not a cure for CMV retinitis, and they may continue to experience progression of retinitis during or following treatment. Advise patients to have ophthalmologic follow-up examinations at a minimum of every 4 to 6 weeks while being treated with valganciclovir. Some patients will require more frequent follow-up.

Administration

Inform adult patients that they should use valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets, not valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)].

Inform patients to take valganciclovir with food to maximize bioavailability.

Brands listed are the trademarks of their respective owners.

Manufactured by:
Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc.
Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA  

Distributed by:
Actavis Pharma, Inc.
Parsippany, NJ 07054 USA 

Revised: November 2017

Valganciclovir (val-gan-SYE-kloe-ver) Hydrochloride for Oral Solution

What is the most important information I should know about valganciclovir?

Valganciclovir can cause serious side effects, including:

• Blood and bone marrow problems. Valganciclovir can affect the bone marrow lowering the amount of your white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets and may cause serious and life-threatening problems.

• Kidney failure. Kidney failure may happen in people who are elderly, people who take valganciclovir with certain other medicines, or people who are not adequately hydrated.

• Fertility problems. Valganciclovir may lower sperm count in males and cause fertility problems. Valganciclovir may also cause fertility problems in women. Talk to your healthcare provider if this is a concern for you.

• Birth defects. Valganciclovir causes birth defects in animals. It is not known if valganciclovir causes birth defects in people. If you are a female who can become pregnant, you should use effective birth control during treatment with valganciclovir and for at least 30 days after treatment. If you are pregnant, talk to your healthcare provider before starting treatment with valganciclovir. If you are a female who can become pregnant, you should have a pregnancy test done before starting valganciclovir.

• Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant during treatment with valganciclovir.
• Males should use condoms during treatment with valganciclovir, and for at least 90 days after treatment, if their female sexual partner can become pregnant. Talk to your healthcare provider if you have questions about birth control.

• Cancer. Valganciclovir causes cancer in animals and may potentially cause cancer in people.

  Your healthcare provider will do regular blood test during treatment with valganciclovir to check you for side effects. Your healthcare provider may change your dose or stop treatment with valganciclovir if you have serious side effects.

What is valganciclovir?

Valganciclovir is a prescription antiviral medicine.

Valganciclovir does not cure CMV retinitis. You may still get retinitis or worsening of retinitis during or after treatment with valganciclovir It is important to stay under a healthcare provider’s care and have your eyes checked at least every 4 to 6 weeks during treatment with valganciclovir.

In children, valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution is used:

• to prevent CMV disease in children 4 months to 16 years of age who have received a heart transplant and have a high risk for getting CMV disease.

Pediatric use information for pediatric kidney transplant patients ages 4 months to 16 years and for pediatric heart transplant patients ages 1 to less than 4 months is approved for Roche Palo Alto LLC’s VALCYTE (valganciclovir hydrochloride) tablets and oral solution. However, due to Roche Palo Alto LLC’s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

Do not take valganciclovir if you have had a serious allergic reaction to valganciclovir, ganciclovir or any of the ingredients of valganciclovir. See the end of this leaflet for a list of the ingredients in valganciclovir.

Before you take valganciclovir, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:

• have low blood cell counts

• have kidney problems

• are receiving hemodialysis

• are receiving radiation treatment

• are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. See “What is the most important information I should know about valganciclovir?”

• are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if valganciclovir passes into your breast milk. You should not breastfeed if you take valganciclovir.

  • You should not breastfeed if you have Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) because of the risk of passing HIV-1 to your baby.

  • Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby.

  Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements.

  Valganciclovir and other medicines may affect each other and cause serious side effects. Keep a list of your medicines to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist.

  • You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for a list of medicines that interact with valganciclovir.

  • Do not start taking a new medicine without telling your healthcare provider. Your healthcare provider can tell you if it is safe to take valganciclovir with other medicines.

  How should I take valganciclovir?

  • Take valganciclovir exactly as your healthcare provider tells you. Your dose of valganciclovir will depend on your medical condition.

  • Adults should only take valganciclovir hydrochloride tablets. Children may take valganciclovir hydrochloride oral solution.

  • Take valganciclovir with food.

  • Avoid contact with your skin or eyes. If you come in contact with the contents of the oral solution, wash your skin well with soap and water or rinse your eyes well with plain water.

  • If your child is prescribed valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution, your pharmacist will give you oral dosing dispensers to measure your child’s dose of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution. To be sure you receive the prescribed dose, it is important to use the dispenser provided to you. See the detailed Instructions for Use below for information about how to take valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution. Ask your pharmacist if you have any questions. If you lose or damage your oral dispensers and cannot use them, contact your pharmacist.

  • If you take too much valganciclovir, call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away.

  What should I avoid during treatment with valganciclovir?

  Valganciclovir can cause seizures, sleepiness, dizziness, and confusion. You should not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how valganciclovir affects you.

  What are the possible side effects of valganciclovir?
  Valganciclovir may cause serious side effects, including:
  See “What is the most important information I should know about valganciclovir?"

  The most common side effects of valganciclovir in adults include:

  diarrhea fever fatigue nausea shaky movements (tremors)

  low white cell, red cell and platelet cell counts in blood tests headache sleeplessness urinary tract infection vomiting

  The most common side effects of valganciclovir in children include:

  diarrhea fever upper respiratory tract infection urinary tract infection

  vomiting low white blood cell counts in blood tests headache

  These are not all the possible side effects of valganciclovir.

  Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

  How should I store valganciclovir?

  • Store valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution in the refrigerator between 36° to 46°F (2° to 8°C), for no longer than 49 days.

  • Do not freeze.

  • Do not keep valganciclovir that is out of date or that you no longer need.

    Keep valganciclovir and all medicines out of the reach of children.

  General information about the safe and effective use of valganciclovir

  Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use valganciclovir for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give valganciclovir to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. It may harm them. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about valganciclovir that is written for health professionals.

  What are the ingredients in valganciclovir?
  Active ingredient: valganciclovir hydrochloride
  Inactive ingredients for Oral Solution: mannitol, sodium benzoate, sucralose, tartaric acid and tutti-frutti flavoring.

  
  

Valganciclovir (val-gan-SYE-kloe-ver) Hydrochloride for Oral Solution

Be sure that you read, and that you understand and follow these instructions carefully to ensure proper dosing of the oral solution.

Important:

• Avoid contact with your skin or eyes. If you come in contact with the contents of the oral solution, wash your skin well with soap and water or rinse your eyes well with plain water.

• Do not use valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution after the expiration date on the bottle.

• Always use the oral dispenser provided to take or give a dose of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution.

• Call your pharmacist if your oral dispenser is lost or damaged, and they will tell you how to continue to give or take a dose of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution.

• Ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist to show you how to measure your prescribed dose.

  To take a dose of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution, you will need the bottle of medicine and an oral dispenser provided with the medicine (see Figure 1). Your pharmacist inserts the bottle adapter in the valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution bottle.

Step 1: With the child-resistant cap on the bottle, shake the bottle well for about 5 seconds before each use.

Step 2: Open the bottle by pressing downward firmly on the child-resistant cap and turning it counterclockwise. Do not throw away the child-resistant cap.

Step 3: Check the dose in milliliters (mL) as prescribed by your healthcare provider. Find this number on the oral dispenser.

Step 4: Push the plunger down toward the tip of the oral dispenser.

Step 5: With the bottle in an upright position, insert the oral dispenser into the bottle adapter opening until firmly in place.

Step 6: Carefully turn the bottle upside down with the oral dispenser in place. Pull the plunger to withdraw the prescribed dose. If you see air bubbles in the syringe, fully push in the plunger so that the oral solution flows back into the bottle. Then withdraw your prescribed dose of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution.

Step 7: Leave the oral dispenser in the bottle adapter and turn the bottle to an upright position. Slowly remove the oral dispenser from the bottle adapter.

Steps 8: Give or take the dose of valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution.

• Place the tip of the oral dispenser in the mouth.

• Slowly push down the oral dispenser plunger until the oral dispenser is empty.

Step 9: Put the child-resistant cap back on the bottle. Return the bottle back to the refrigerator.

Step 10: Rinse the oral dispenser with tap water after each use.

• Remove the plunger from the oral dispenser barrel.

• Rinse the oral dispenser barrel and plunger with water and let them air dry.

• When the oral dispenser barrel and plunger are dry, put the plunger back into the oral dispenser barrel for the next use.

Do not throw away the oral dispenser.

How should I store valganciclovir hydrochloride for oral solution?

• Store solution in the refrigerator at 36° to 46°F (2° to 8°C) for no longer than 49 days.

• Do not freeze.

This Patient Information and Instructions for Use have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Brands listed are the trademarks of their respective owners.

Manufactured by:

Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc.

Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA

Distributed by:

Actavis Pharma, Inc.

Parsippany, NJ 07054 USA

Revised: November 2017

For more information, go to www.actavis.com or call 1-800-272-5525.

NDC 0591-2579-20
Valganciclovir
Hydrochloride
for Oral Solution
50 mg/1 mL
Rx Only
100 mL (3.4 fl oz)