Tranexamic Acid Tablet, Film Coated
FDA Label NDC 0591-3720

Tranexamic acid tablets are indicated for the treatment of cyclic heavy menstrual bleeding [see Clinical Studies (14)].

Prior to prescribing tranexamic acid tablets, exclude endometrial pathology that can be associated with heavy menstrual bleeding.

The recommended dose of tranexamic acid tablets for women with normal renal function is two 650 mg tablets taken three times daily (3900 mg/day) for a maximum of 5 days during monthly menstruation. Tranexamic acid tablets may be administered without regard to meals. Tablets should be swallowed whole and not chewed or broken apart.

In patients with renal impairment, the plasma concentration of tranexamic acid increased as serum creatinine concentration increased [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Dosage adjustment is needed in patients with serum creatinine concentration higher than 1.4 mg/dL (Table 1).

650 mg tablets

Do not prescribe tranexamic acid tablets to women who are

• using combination hormonal contraception
• known to have any of the following conditions:
  • Active thromboembolic disease (e.g., deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or cerebral thrombosis)
  • A history of thrombosis or thromboembolism, including retinal vein or artery occlusion
  • An intrinsic risk of thrombosis or thromboembolism (e.g., thrombogenic valvular disease, thrombogenic cardiac rhythm disease, or hypercoagulopathy)

  Venous and arterial thrombosis or thromboembolism, as well as cases of retinal artery and retinal vein occlusions, have been reported with tranexamic acid.

Do not prescribe tranexamic acid tablets to women with known hypersensitivity to tranexamic acid [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

Concomitant Use of Hormonal Contraceptives

Combination hormonal contraceptives are known to increase the risk of venous thromboembolism, as well as arterial thromboses such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Because tranexamic acid tablets are antifibrinolytic, the risk of venous thromboembolism, as well as arterial thromboses such as stroke, may increase further when hormonal contraceptives are administered with tranexamic acid tablets. This is of particular concern in women who are obese or smoke cigarettes, especially smokers over 35 years of age.

Women using hormonal contraception were excluded from the clinical trials supporting the safety and efficacy of tranexamic acid tablets, and there are no clinical trial data on the risk of thrombotic events with the concomitant use of tranexamic acid tablets with hormonal contraceptives. However, there have been US postmarketing reports of venous and arterial thrombotic events in women who have used tranexamic acid tablets concomitantly with combination hormonal contraceptives. For this reason, concomitant use of tranexamic acid tablets with combination hormonal contraceptives is contraindicated. [see Contraindications (4.1) and Drug Interactions  (7.1)]. 

Factor IX Complex Concentrates or Anti-Inhibitor Coagulant Concentrates

Tranexamic acid tablets is not recommended for women taking either Factor IX complex concentrates or anti-inhibitor coagulant concentrates because the risk of thrombosis may be increased [see Drug Interactions (7.3) and Clinical Pharmacology(12.3)].

All-Trans Retinoic Acid (Oral Tretinoin)

Exercise caution when prescribing tranexamic acid tablets to women with acute promyelocytic leukemia taking all-trans retinoic acid for remission induction because of possible exacerbation of the procoagulant effect of all-trans retinoic acid [see Drug Interactions (7.4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Ocular Effects

Retinal venous and arterial occlusion has been reported in patients using tranexamic acid. Patients should be instructed to report visual and ocular symptoms promptly. In the event of such symptoms, patients should be instructed to discontinue tranexamic acid tablets immediately and should be referred to an ophthalmologist for a complete ophthalmic evaluation, including dilated retinal examination, to exclude the possibility of retinal venous or arterial occlusion.

A case of severe allergic reaction to tranexamic acid tablets was reported in the clinical trials, involving a subject who experienced dyspnea, tightening of her throat, and facial flushing that required emergency medical treatment. A case of anaphylactic shock has also been reported in the literature, involving a patient who received an intravenous bolus of tranexamic acid.

Cerebral edema and cerebral infarction may be caused by use of tranexamic acid tablets in women with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Ligneous conjunctivitis has been reported in patients taking tranexamic acid. The conjunctivitis resolved following cessation of the drug.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to the rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Short-term Studies

The safety of tranexamic acid tablets in the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) was studied in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies [see Clinical Studies (14)]. One study compared the effects of two doses of tranexamic acid tablets (1950 mg and 3900 mg given daily for up to 5 days during each menstrual period) versus placebo over a 3-cycle treatment duration. A total of 304 women were randomized to this study, with 115 receiving at least one dose of 3900 mg/day of tranexamic acid tablets. A second study compared the effects of tranexamic acid tablets (3900 mg/day) versus placebo over a 6-cycle treatment duration. A total of 196 women were randomized to this study, with 117 receiving at least one dose of tranexamic acid tablets. In both studies, subjects were generally healthy women who had menstrual blood loss of ≥ 80 mL.

In these studies, subjects were 18 to 49 years of age with a mean age of approximately 40 years, had cyclic menses every 21 to 35 days, and a BMI of approximately 32 kg/m². On average, subjects had a history of HMB for approximately 10 years and 40% had fibroids as determined by transvaginal ultrasound. Approximately 70% were Caucasian, 25% were Black, and 5% were Asian, Native American, Pacific Islander, or Other. Seven percent (7%) of all subjects were of Hispanic origin. Women using hormonal contraception were excluded from the trials.

The rates of discontinuation due to adverse events during the two clinical trials were comparable between tranexamic acid tablets and placebo. In the 3-cycle study, the rate in the 3900 mg tranexamic acid tablets dose group was 0.8% as compared to 1.4% in the placebo group. In the 6-cycle study, the rate in the tranexamic acid tablets group was 2.4% as compared to 4.1% in the placebo group. Across the studies, the combined exposure to 3900 mg/day tranexamic acid tablets was 947 cycles and the average duration of use was 3.4 days per cycle.

A list of adverse events occurring in ≥ 5% of subjects and more frequently in tranexamic acid tablets treated subjects receiving 3900 mg/day compared to placebo is provided in Table 2.

^a Includes headache and tension headache

^b Nasal and sinus symptoms include nasal, respiratory tract and sinus congestion, sinusitis, acute sinusitis, sinus headache, allergic sinusitis and sinus pain, and multiple allergies and seasonal allergies

^c Abdominal pain includes abdominal tenderness and discomfort

^d Musculoskeletal pain includes musculoskeletal discomfort and myalgia

^e Arthralgia includes joint stiffness and swelling

Long-term Studies

Long-term safety of tranexamic acid tablets was studied in two open-label studies. In one study, subjects with physician-diagnosed heavy menstrual bleeding (not using the alkaline hematin methodology) were treated with 3900 mg/day for up to 5 days during each menstrual period for up to 27 menstrual cycles. A total of 781 subjects were enrolled and 239 completed the study through 27 menstrual cycles. A total of 12.4% of the subjects withdrew due to adverse events. Women using hormonal contraception were excluded from the study. The total exposure in this study to 3900 mg/day tranexamic acid tablets was 10,213 cycles. The average duration of tranexamic acid tablets use was 2.9 days per cycle.

A long-term open-label extension study of subjects from the two short-term efficacy studies was also conducted in which subjects were treated with 3900 mg/day for up to 5 days during each menstrual period for up to 9 menstrual cycles. A total of 288 subjects were enrolled and 196 subjects completed the study through 9 menstrual cycles. A total of 2.1% of the subjects withdrew due to adverse events. The total exposure to 3900 mg/day tranexamic acid tablets in this study was 1,956 cycles. The average duration of tranexamic acid tablets use was 3.5 days per cycle.

The types and severity of adverse events in these two long-term open-label trials were similar to those observed in the double-blind, placebo-controlled studies although the percentage of subjects reporting them was greater in the 27-month study, most likely because of the longer study duration.

A case of severe allergic reaction to tranexamic acid tablets was reported in the extension trial, involving a subject on her fourth cycle of treatment, who experienced dyspnea, tightening of her throat, and facial flushing that required emergency medical treatment.

The following adverse reactions have been identified from postmarketing experience with tranexamic acid. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Based on US and worldwide postmarketing reports, the following have been reported in patients receiving tranexamic acid for various indications:

• Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
• Allergic skin reactions
• Anaphylactic shock and anaphylactoid reactions
• Thromboembolic events (e.g., deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cerebral thrombosis, acute renal cortical necrosis, and central retinal artery and vein obstruction); cases have been associated with concomitant use of combination hormonal contraceptives
• Impaired color vision and other visual disturbances
• Dizziness

No drug-drug interaction studies were conducted with tranexamic acid tablets.

Because tranexamic acid tablets are antifibrinolytic, concomitant use of hormonal contraception and tranexamic acid tablets may further exacerbate the increased thrombotic risk associated with combination hormonal contraceptives. For this reason, concomitant use of tranexamic acid tablets with combination hormonal contraceptives is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4)  and  Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Concomitant therapy with tissue plasminogen activators may decrease the efficacy of both tranexamic acid tablets and tissue plasminogen activators. Therefore, exercise caution if a woman taking tranexamic acid tablets therapy requires tissue plasminogen activators.

Tranexamic acid tablets are not recommended for women taking either Factor IX complex concentrates or anti-inhibitor coagulant concentrates because the risk of thrombosis may be increased [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Exercise caution when prescribing tranexamic acid tablets to women with acute promyelocytic leukemia taking all-trans retinoic acid for remission induction because of possible exacerbation of the procoagulant effect of all-trans retinoic acid [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Tranexamic acid tablets are not indicated for use in pregnant women. Reproduction studies have been performed in mice, rats and rabbits and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to tranexamic acid. However, tranexamic acid is known to cross the placenta and appears in cord blood at concentrations approximately equal to the maternal concentration. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].

An embryo-fetal developmental toxicity study in rats and a perinatal developmental toxicity study in rats were conducted using tranexamic acid. No adverse effects were observed in either study at doses up to 4 times the recommended human oral dose of 3900 mg/day based on mg/m² (actual animal dose 1500 mg/kg/day).

Tranexamic acid is present in the mother’s milk at a concentration of about one hundredth of the corresponding serum concentration. Tranexamic acid tablets should be used during lactation only if clearly needed.

Tranexamic acid tablets are indicated for women of reproductive age and are not intended for use in premenarcheal girls. Based on a pharmacokinetic study in 20 adolescent females, 12 to 16 years of age, no dose adjustment is needed in the adolescent population [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Tranexamic acid tablets are indicated for women of reproductive age and are not intended for use by postmenopausal women.

The effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid tablets has not been studied. Because tranexamic acid is primarily eliminated via the kidneys by glomerular filtration with more than 95% excreted as unchanged in urine, dosage adjustment in patient with renal impairment is needed [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

The effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid tablets has not been studied. Because only a small fraction of the drug is metabolized, dosage adjustment in patients with hepatic impairment is not needed [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

There are no known cases of intentional overdose with tranexamic acid tablets and no subjects in the clinical program took more than 2 times the prescribed amount of tranexamic acid tablets in a 24-hour period (>7800 mg/day). However, cases of overdose of tranexamic acid have been reported. Based on these reports, symptoms of overdose may include gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea); hypotensive (e.g., orthostatic symptoms); thromboembolic (arterial, venous, embolic); visual impairment; mental status changes; myoclonus; or rash. No specific information is available on the treatment of overdose with tranexamic acid tablets. In the event of overdose, employ the usual supportive measures (e.g., clinical monitoring and supportive therapy) as dictated by the patient's clinical status.

Tranexamic acid tablets are an antifibrinolytic drug. The chemical name is trans-4-aminomethyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. The structural formula is:

Tranexamic acid is a white crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in water and in glacial acetic acid and is very slightly soluble in ethanol and practically insoluble in ether. The molecular formula is C₈H₁₅N0₂ and the molecular weight is 157.2.

Tranexamic acid tablets are provided as white to off-white, oval-shaped, film coated tablets, debossed with “WPI 3720” on one side of the tablet. The active ingredient in each tablet is 650 mg tranexamic acid. The inactive ingredients contained in each tablet are: colloidal silicon dioxide, copovidone, crospovidone, eudragit, glyceryl behenate, lactose monohydrate, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, talc, and triethyl citrate.

Tranexamic acid is a synthetic lysine amino acid derivative, which diminishes the dissolution of hemostatic fibrin by plasmin. In the presence of tranexamic acid, the lysine receptor binding sites of plasmin for fibrin are occupied, preventing binding to fibrin monomers, thus preserving and stabilizing fibrin’s matrix structure.

The antifibrinolytic effects of tranexamic acid are mediated by reversible interactions at multiple binding sites within plasminogen. Native human plasminogen contains 4 to 5 lysine binding sites with low affinity for tranexamic acid (K_d = 750 µmol/L) and 1 with high affinity (K_d = 1.1 µmol/L). The high affinity lysine site of plasminogen is involved in its binding to fibrin. Saturation of the high affinity binding site with tranexamic acid displaces plasminogen from the surface of fibrin. Although plasmin may be formed by conformational changes in plasminogen, binding to and dissolution of the fibrin matrix is inhibited.

Tranexamic acid, at in vitro concentrations of 25 to 100 M, reduces by 20 to 60% the maximal rate of plasmin lysis of fibrin catalyzed by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).

Elevated concentrations of endometrial, uterine, and menstrual blood tPA are observed in women with heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) compared to women with normal menstrual blood loss. The effect of tranexamic acid on lowering endometrial tPA activity and menstrual fluid fibrinolysis is observed in women with HMB receiving tranexamic acid total oral doses of 2 to 3 g/day for 5 days.

In healthy subjects, tranexamic acid at blood concentrations less than 10 mg/mL has no effect on the platelet count, the coagulation time or various coagulation factors in whole blood or citrated blood. Tranexamic acid, however, at blood concentrations of 1 and 10 mg/mL prolongs the thrombin time.

Cardiac Electrophysiology

The effect of tranexamic acid tablets on QT interval was evaluated in a randomized, single-dose, 4-way crossover study in 48 healthy females aged 18 to 49 years. Subjects received (1) tranexamic acid tablets 1300 mg (two 650 mg tablets), (2) tranexamic acid tablets 3900 mg (six 650 mg tablets; three times the recommended single dose), (3) moxifloxacin 400 mg, and (4) placebo. There was no significant increase in the corrected QT interval at any time up to 24 hours after the administration of either dose of tranexamic acid tablets. Moxifloxacin, the active control, was associated with a maximum 14.11 msec mean increase in corrected QT interval (moxifloxacin – placebo) at 3 hours after administration.

Absorption

After a single oral administration of two 650 mg tablets of tranexamic acid tablets, the peak plasma concentration (C_max) occurred at approximately 3 hours (T_max). The absolute bioavailability of tranexamic acid tablets in women aged 18 to 49 is approximately 45%. Following multiple oral doses (two 650 mg tablets three times daily) administration of tranexamic acid tablets for 5 days, the mean C_max increased by approximately 19% and the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) remained unchanged, compared to a single oral dose administration (two 650 mg tablets). Plasma concentrations reached steady state at the 5^th dose of tranexamic acid tablets on Day 2.

The mean plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of tranexamic acid determined in 19 healthy women following a single (two 650 mg tablets) and multiple (two 650 mg tablets three times daily for 5 days) oral dose of tranexamic acid tablets are shown in Table 3.

C_max = maximum concentration

AUC_tldc = area under the drug concentration curve from time 0 to time of last determinable concentration

AUC_inf = area under the drug concentration curve from time 0 to infinity

T_max = time to maximum concentration

t_1/2 = terminal elimination half-life

^a AUC_0-tau (mcg•h/mL) = area under the drug concentration curve from time 0 to 8 hours

^b Data presented as median (range)

Effect of food: Tranexamic acid tablets may be administered without regard to meals. A single dose administration (two 650 mg tablets) of tranexamic acid tablets with food increased both C_max and AUC by 7% and 16%, respectively.

Distribution

Tranexamic acid is 3% bound to plasma proteins with no apparent binding to albumin. Tranexamic acid is distributed with an initial volume of distribution of 0.18 L/kg and steady-state apparent volume of distribution of 0.39 L/kg.

Tranexamic acid crosses the placenta. The concentration in cord blood after an intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg to pregnant women is about 30 mg/L, as high as in the maternal blood.

Tranexamic acid concentration in cerebrospinal fluid is about one tenth of the plasma concentration.

The drug passes into the aqueous humor of the eye achieving a concentration of approximately one tenth of plasma concentrations.

Metabolism

A small fraction of the tranexamic acid is metabolized.

Excretion

Tranexamic acid is eliminated by urinary excretion primarily via glomerular filtration with more than 95% of the dose excreted unchanged. Excretion of tranexamic acid is about 90% at 24 hours after intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg. Most elimination post intravenous administration occurred during the first 10 hours, giving an apparent elimination half-life of approximately 2 hours. The mean terminal half-life of tranexamic acid tablets is approximately 11 hours. Plasma clearance of tranexamic acid is 110 to 116 mL/min.

Pregnancy (Category B)

Tranexamic acid tablets are not indicated for use in pregnant women. Tranexamic acid is known to cross the placenta and appears in cord blood at concentrations approximately equal to maternal concentration. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

Nursing Mothers

Tranexamic acid is present in the mother’s milk at a concentration of about one hundredth of the corresponding serum concentrations. Tranexamic acid tablets should be used during lactation only if clearly needed [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)].

Pediatric Use

Tranexamic acid tablets are indicated for women of reproductive age and are not intended for use in premenarcheal girls. In a randomized, single dose, two-way crossover study of two dose levels (650 mg and 1,300 mg [two 650 mg tablets]), pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid was evaluated in 20 female adolescents (12 to 16 years of age) with heavy menstrual bleeding. The C_max and AUC values after a single oral dose of 650 mg in the adolescent females were 32 to 36% less than those after a single oral dose of 1,300 mg in the adolescent females. The C_max and AUC values after a single oral dose of 1300 mg in the adolescent females were 20 to 25% less than those in the adult females given the same dose in a separate study. [See Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]

Geriatric Use

Tranexamic acid tablets are indicated for women of reproductive age and are not intended for use by postmenopausal women.

Renal Impairment

The effect of renal impairment on the disposition of Tranexamic acid tablets has not been evaluated. Urinary excretion following a single intravenous injection of tranexamic acid declines as renal function decreases. Following a single 10 mg/kg intravenous injection of tranexamic acid in 28 patients, the 24-hour urinary fractions of tranexamic acid with serum creatinine concentrations 1.4 to 2.8, 2.8 to 5.7, and greater than 5.7 mg/dL were 51, 39, and 19%, respectively. The 24-hour tranexamic acid plasma concentrations for these patients demonstrated a direct relationship to the degree of renal impairment. Therefore, dose adjustment is needed in patients with renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].

Hepatic Impairment

The effect of hepatic impairment on the disposition of tranexamic acid tablets has not been evaluated. One percent and 0.5 percent of an oral dose are excreted as a dicarboxylic acid and acetylated metabolite, respectively. Because only a small fraction of the drug is metabolized, no dose adjustment is needed in patients with hepatic impairment.

No drug-drug interaction studies were conducted with tranexamic acid tablets.

Hormonal Contraceptives

Because tranexamic acid tablets are antifibrinolytic, concomitant use of hormonal contraception and tranexamic acid tablets may further exacerbate the increased thrombotic risk associated with combination hormonal contraceptives. For this reason, concomitant use of tranexamic acid tablets with combination hormonal contraceptives is contraindicated  [see Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Drug Interactions (7.1)].

Factor IX Complex Concentrates or Anti-inhibitor Coagulant Concentrates
Tranexamic acid tablets are not recommended in patients taking either Factor IX complex concentrates or anti-inhibitor coagulant concentrates because the risk of thrombosis may be increased [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Drug Interactions (7.3)].

Tissue Plasminogen Activators
Concomitant therapy with tissue plasminogen activators may decrease the efficacy of both tranexamic acid tablets and tissue plasminogen activators. Therefore, exercise caution if a patient taking tranexamic acid tablets therapy requires tissue plasminogen activators [see Drug Interactions (7.2)].

All-Trans Retinoic Acid (Oral Tretinoin)
In a study involving 28 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia who were given either orally administered all-trans retinoic acid plus intravenously administered tranexamic acid, all-trans retinoic acid plus chemotherapy, or all-trans retinoic acid plus tranexamic acid plus chemotherapy, all 4 patients who were given all-trans retinoic acid plus tranexamic acid died, with 3 of the 4 deaths due to thrombotic complications. It appears that the procoagulant effect of all-trans retinoic acid may be exacerbated by concomitant use of tranexamic acid. Therefore, exercise caution when prescribing tranexamic acid tablets to patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia taking all-trans retinoic acid [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Drug Interactions (7.4)].

Carcinogenesis

Carcinogenicity studies with tranexamic acid in male mice at doses as high as 6 times the recommended human dose of 3900 mg/day showed an increased incidence of leukemia which may have been related to treatment. Female mice were not included in this experiment.

The dose multiple referenced above is based on body surface area (mg/m²). Actual daily dose in mice was up to 5000 mg/kg/day in food.

Hyperplasia of the biliary tract and cholangioma and adenocarcinoma of the intrahepatic biliary system have been reported in one strain of rats after dietary administration of doses exceeding the maximum tolerated dose for 22 months. Hyperplastic, but not neoplastic, lesions were reported at lower doses. Subsequent long-term dietary administration studies in a different strain of rat, each with an exposure level equal to the maximum level employed in the earlier experiment, have failed to show such hyperplastic/neoplastic changes in the liver.

Mutagenesis

Tranexamic acid was neither mutagenic nor clastogenic in the in vitro Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay (Ames test), in vitro chromosome aberration test in Chinese hamster cells, and in in vivo chromosome aberration tests in mice and rats.

Impairment of Fertility

Reproductive studies performed in mice, rats and rabbits have not revealed any evidence of impaired fertility or adverse effects on the fetus due to tranexamic acid.

In a rat embryo-fetal developmental toxicity study, tranexamic acid had no adverse effects on embryo-fetal development when administered during the period of organogenesis (from gestation days 6 through 17) at doses 1, 2 and 4 times the recommended human oral dose of 3900 mg/day. In a perinatal-postnatal study in rats, tranexamic acid had no adverse effects on pup viability, growth or development when administered from gestation day 6 through postnatal day 20 at doses 1, 2 and 4 times the recommended human oral dose of 3900 mg/day.

The dose multiples referenced above are based on body surface area (mg/m²).  Actual daily doses in rats were 300, 750 or 1500 mg/kg/day.

Ocular Effects

In a 9-month toxicology study, dogs were administered tranexamic acid in food at doses of 0, 200, 600, or 1200 mg/kg/day. These doses are approximately 2, 5, and 6 times, respectively, the recommended human oral dose of 3900 mg/day based on AUC. At 6 times the human dose, some dogs developed reversible reddening and gelatinous discharge from the eyes. Ophthalmologic examination revealed reversible changes in the nictitating membrane/conjunctiva. In some female dogs, the presence of inflammatory exudate over the bulbar conjunctival mucosa was observed. Histopathological examinations did not reveal any retinal alteration. No adverse effects were observed at 5 times the human dose.

In other studies, focal areas of retinal degeneration were observed in cats, dogs and rats following oral or intravenous tranexamic acid doses at 6 to 40 times the recommended usual human dose based on mg/m² (actual animal doses between 250 to 1600 mg/kg/day).

The efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid tablets in the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) was demonstrated in one 3-cycle treatment and one 6-cycle treatment, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. In these studies, HMB was defined as an average menstrual blood loss of ≥ 80 mL as assessed by alkaline hematin analysis of collected sanitary products over two baseline menstrual cycles. Subjects were 18 to 49 years of age with a mean age of approximately 40 years, had cyclic menses every 21 to 35 days, and a BMI of approximately 32 kg/m². On average, subjects had an HMB history of approximately 10 years and 40% had fibroids as determined by transvaginal ultrasound. Approximately 70% were Caucasian, 25% were Black, and 5% were Asian, Native American, Pacific Islander, or Other. Seven percent (7%) of all subjects were of Hispanic origin.

In these studies, the primary outcome measure was menstrual blood loss (MBL), measured using the alkaline hematin method. The endpoint was change from baseline in MBL, calculated by subtracting the mean MBL during treatment from the mean pretreatment MBL.

The key secondary outcome measures were based on specific questions concerning limitations in social or leisure activities (LSLA) and limitations in physical activities (LPA). Large stains (soiling beyond the undergarment) were also included as a key secondary outcome measure.

This study compared the effects of two doses of tranexamic acid tablets (1950 mg and 3900 mg given daily for up to 5 days during each menstrual period) versus placebo on MBL over a 3-cycle treatment duration. Of the 294 evaluable subjects, 115 tranexamic acid tablets 1950 mg/day subjects, 112 tranexamic acid tablets 3900 mg/day subjects and 67 placebo subjects took at least one dose of study drug and had post-treatment data available.

Results are shown in Table 4. MBL was statistically significantly reduced in patients treated with 3900 mg/day tranexamic acid tablets compared to placebo. Study success also required achieving a reduction in MBL that was determined to be clinically meaningful to the subjects. The 1950 mg/day tranexamic acid tablets dose did not meet the criteria for success.

* p<0.001 versus placebo

Tranexamic acid tablets also statistically significantly reduced limitations on social, leisure, and physical activities in the 3900 mg/day dose group compared to placebo (see Table 5). No statistically significant treatment difference was observed in response rates on the number of large stains.

^a Response categories: 1=not at all limited; 2=slightly limited; 3=moderately limited; 4=quite a bit limited; 5=extremely limited

^b Positive means reflect an improvement from baseline.

^c p-value <0.05 versus placebo

^d Responders are defined as subjects who experienced a reduction from baseline in frequency of large stains.

^e Non-significant difference versus placebo

This study compared the effects of tranexamic acid tablets 3900 mg/day given daily for up to 5 days during each menstrual period versus placebo on MBL over a 6-cycle treatment duration. Of the 187 evaluable subjects, 115 tranexamic acid tablets subjects and 72 placebo subjects took at least one dose of study drug and had post-treatment data available.

Results are shown in Table 6. MBL was statistically significantly reduced in patients treated with 3900 mg/day tranexamic acid tablets compared to placebo. Study success also required achieving a reduction in MBL that was determined to be clinically meaningful to the subjects.

* p<0.001 versus placebo

Limitations on social, leisure, and physical activities were also statistically significantly reduced in the tranexamic acid tablets group compared to placebo (see Table 7). No statistically significant treatment difference was observed in response rates on the number of large stains.

^a Response categories: 1=not at all limited; 2=slightly limited; 3=moderately limited; 4=quite a bit limited; 5=extremely limited

^b Positive means reflect an improvement from baseline

^c p-value <0.05 versus placebo

^d Responders are defined as subjects who experienced a reduction from baseline in frequency of large stains

^e Non-significant difference versus placebo

The efficacy of tranexamic acid tablets 3900 mg/day over 3 menstrual cycles and over 6 menstrual cycles was demonstrated versus placebo in the double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy studies (see Figure 1). The change in MBL from baseline was similar across all post-baseline treatment cycles.

Figure 1: MBL Levels over Duration of Therapy

Tranexamic acid tablets are provided as white to off-white, oval-shaped, film coated tablets.  Each tablet is debossed with “WPI 3720” on one side of the tablet and are supplied as:

Storage

Store at 20° to 25° C (68° to 77° F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].

See FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information) 

Instruct patients that the usual schedule is to take two tablets with liquids, three times a day during menstruation. Patients should be instructed not to exceed 3 doses (6 tablets) in a 24-hour period or to take for more than 5 days in any menstrual cycle.

Inform patients that they should immediately stop tranexamic acid tablets if they notice any eye symptoms or change in their vision. Instruct them to report any such problems promptly to their physician and to follow-up with an ophthalmologist for a complete ophthalmic evaluation, including dilated retinal examination of the retina.

Inform patients that they should stop tranexamic acid tablets and seek immediate medical attention if they notice symptoms of a severe allergic reaction (e.g., shortness of breath or throat tightening).

Instruct patients that common side effects of tranexamic acid tablets include headache, sinus and nasal symptoms, back pain, abdominal pain, musculoskeletal pain, joint pain, muscle cramps, migraine, anemia and fatigue.

Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider if their heavy menstrual bleeding symptoms persist or worsen.

Remind patients to read the Patient Labeling carefully.