- Withdraw the bolus dose of Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection from the 100 mL or 250 mL premixed bag into a syringe. Do not dilute. Administer the bolus dose within 5 minutes via a syringe or IV pump.
- Immediately following the bolus dose administration, administer the maintenance infusion from the 100 mL or 250 mL premixed bag via an IV pump.
- Discard any unused portion left in the bag.
The recommended bolus volume using the 100 mL or 250 mL premixed bag can be calculated using the following equation:
The recommended infusion rate for patients with CrCl (Creatinine Clearance) > 60 mL/min using the 100 mL or 250 mL premixed bag can be calculated using the following equation:
Example calculation of infusion rate for 60 kg patient with CrCl > 60 mL/min using the 100 mL or 250 mL premixed bag:
Drug Compatibilities
Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection can be administered in the same intravenous line as heparin, atropine sulfate, dobutamine, dopamine, epinephrine hydrochloride (HCl), famotidine injection, furosemide, lidocaine, midazolam HCl, morphine sulfate, nitroglycerin, potassium chloride, and propranolol HCl. Do not administer Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection through the same IV line as diazepam. Do not add other drugs or remove solution directly from the bag with a syringe.
Bleeding
PRISM-PLUS Regimen
The incidences of major and minor bleeding using the TIMI criteria in the PRISM-PLUS study are shown below.
Table 2 TIMI Major and Minor Bleeding in PRISM-PLUS
|
|
|
| PRISM-PLUS (NSTE-ACS) |
| Bleeding (TIMI Criteria)‡ § | Tirofiban Hydrochloride * + Heparin (N=773) | Heparin alone (N=797) |
| Major Bleeding
| 1.4%
| 0.8%
|
| Minor Bleeding
| 10.5%
| 8.0%
|
| Transfusions
| 4.0%
| 2.8%
|
Table 3 TIMI Major Bleeding Associated with Percutaneous Procedures in PRISM-PLUS
| Tirofiban Hydrochloride + Heparin | Heparin alone |
| N | % | N | % |
| Prior to Procedures
| 773
| 0.3
| 797
| 0.1
|
| Following Angiography
| 697
| 1.3
| 708
| 0.7
|
| Following PTCA
| 239
| 2.5
| 236
| 2.2
|
The incidence rates of TIMI major bleeding in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in PRISM-PLUS within one day of discontinuation of Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection were 17% on Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection plus heparin (N=29) and 35% on heparin alone (N=31).
Recommended (“High-Dose Bolus”) Regimen
Rates of major bleeds (including any intracranial, intraocular or retroperitoneal hemorrhage, clinically overt signs of hemorrhage associated with a drop in hemoglobin of > 3 g/dL or any drop in hemoglobin by 4 g/dL, bleeding requiring transfusion of ≥ 2 U blood products, bleeding directly resulting in death within 7 days or hemodynamic compromise requiring intervention) were consistent with the rates observed in subjects administered the PRISM-PLUS regimen of Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection. There was a trend toward greater bleeding in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients treated with fibrinolytics prior to administration of Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection using the recommended regimen during rescue PCI.
Non-Bleeding
The incidences of non-bleeding adverse events that occurred at an incidence of > 1% and numerically higher than control, regardless of drug relationship, are shown below:
Table 4 Non-bleeding Adverse Reactions in PRISM-PLUS
| Tirofiban Hydrochloride
+
Heparin (N=1953) % | Heparin alone (N=1887) % |
| Body as a Whole | | |
| Edema/swelling
| 2
| 1
|
| Pain, pelvic
| 6
| 5
|
| Reaction, vasovagal
| 2
| 1
|
| Cardiovascular System | | |
| Bradycardia
| 4
| 3
|
| Dissection, coronary artery
| 5
| 4
|
Musculoskeletal System Pain, leg
| 3
| 2
|
Nervous System/Psychiatric Dizziness
| 3
| 2
|
Skin and Skin Appendage Sweating
| 2
| 1
|
Thrombocytopenia
Patients treated with Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection plus heparin, were more likely to experience decreases in platelet counts than were those on heparin alone. These decreases were reversible upon discontinuation of Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection. The percentage of patients with a decrease of platelets to < 90,000/mm3 was 1.5%, compared with 0.6% in the patients who received heparin alone. The percentage of patients with a decrease of platelets to < 50,000/mm3 was 0.3%, compared with 0.1% of the patients who received heparin alone.
Hypersensitivity: Severe allergic reactions including anaphylactic reactions have occurred during the first day of Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection infusion, during initial treatment, and during re-administration of Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection. Some cases have been associated with severe thrombocytopenia (platelet counts < 10,000/mm3). No information is available on the formation of antibodies to tirofiban hydrochloride
Risk Summary
While published data cannot definitively establish the absence of risk, available published case reports have not established an association with tirofiban use during pregnancy and major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Untreated myocardial infarction can be fatal to the pregnant woman and fetus (see Clinical Considerations). Studies with tirofiban HCl at intravenous doses up to 5 mg/kg/day (about 5 and 13 times the maximum recommended daily human dose for rat and rabbit, respectively, when compared on a body surface area basis) have revealed no harm to the fetus.
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2–4% and 15–20%, respectively.
Clinical Considerations
Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk
Myocardial infarction is a medical emergency in pregnancy which can be fatal to the pregnant woman and fetus if left untreated.
Data
Animal Data
There was no evidence of maternal or developmental toxicity in any of the studies in Table 5.
Table 5 Developmental Toxicity Studies
|
| Type of Study | Species | Dose/Exposure* | Duration/Timing Exposure |
| (1) Range-finding
| Rat (N=30)
| 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=10 per group)
| Once daily from GD 6 through LD 20
|
| (2) Developmental Toxicity
| Rat (N=66)
| 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=22 per group)
| Once daily from GD 6 through GD 20
|
(3) Developmental Toxicity with Postweaning Evaluation
| Rat (N=66)
| 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=22 per group)
| Once daily from GD 6 through LD 20
|
| (4) Range-finding (non-pregnant)
| Rabbit (N=21)
| 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=7 per group)
| Once daily for 14 days
|
| (5) Range-finding (pregnant)
| Rabbit (N=30)
| 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=10 per group)
| Once daily from GD 7 through GD 20
|
| (6) Developmental Toxicity
| Rabbit (N=60)
| 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day (N=20 per group) IV
| Once daily from GD 7 through GD 20
|
Risk Summary
There is no data on the presence of tirofiban in human milk, the effects of the drug on the breastfed infant, or the effects of the drug on human milk production. However, tirofiban is present in rat milk. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection or from the underlying maternal condition.
Specific Populations
There is no effect on clearance of tirofiban by sex, race, age, or hepatic impairment.
Renal Insufficiency
Plasma clearance of tirofiban hydrochloride is decreased about 40% in subjects with creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min and > 50% in patients with creatinine clearance <30 mL/min, including patients requiring hemodialysis [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)]. Tirofiban is removed by hemodialysis.
PRISM-PLUS (Platelet Receptor Inhibition for Ischemic Syndrome Management — Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms) In the double-blind PRISM-PLUS trial, 1570 patients with documented NSTE-ACS within 12 hours of entry into the study were randomized to Tirofiban Hydrochloride (30 minute initial infusion of 0.4 mcg/kg/min followed by a maintenance infusion of 0.10 mcg/kg/min) in combination with heparin (bolus of 5,000 U followed by an infusion of 1,000 U/h titrated to maintain an activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of approximately 2 times control) or to heparin alone. All patients received concomitant aspirin unless contraindicated. Patients who were medically managed or who underwent revascularization procedures were studied. Patients underwent 48 hours of medical stabilization on study drug therapy, and they were to undergo angiography before 96 hours (and, if indicated, angioplasty/atherectomy, while continuing on Tirofiban Hydrochloride and heparin for 12–24 hours after the procedure).
Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection and heparin could be continued for up to 108 hours. Exclusions included contraindications to anticoagulation, decompensated heart failure, platelet count < 150,000/mm3, and serum creatinine > 2.5 mg/dL. The mean age of the population was 63 years; 32% of patients were female and approximately half of the population presented with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. On average, patients received Tirofiban Hydrochloride for 71 hours.
A third group of patients was initially randomized to Tirofiban Hydrochloride alone (no heparin). This arm was stopped when the group was found, at an interim look, to have greater mortality than the other two groups.
The primary endpoint of the study was a composite of refractory ischemia, new MI and death within 7 days. There was a 32% risk reduction in the overall composite primary endpoint. The components of the composite were examined separately and the results are shown in Table 6. Note that the sum of the individual components may be greater than the composite (if a patient experiences multiple component events only one event counts towards the composite).
Table 6 Primary Outcomes at 7 days in PRISM-PLUS
| Endpoint | Tirofiban Hydrochloride + Heparin (N=773) | Heparin (N=797) | Risk Reduction | p-value |
Death, new MI, and refractory ischemia at 7 days
| 12.9%
| 17.9%
| 32%
| 0.004
|
Death
| 1.9%
| 1.9%
| ---
| ---
|
MI
| 3.9%
| 7.0%
| 47%
| 0.006
|
| Refractory Ischemia
| 9.3%
| 12.7%
| 30%
| 0.023
|
The benefit seen at 7 days was maintained over time. The risk reduction in the composite endpoint at 30 days and 6 months is shown in the Kaplan-Meier curve below.
Figure 1. Time to first event of death, new MI, or refractory ischemia in PRISM-PLUS
An analysis of the results by sex suggests that women who are medically managed or who undergo subsequent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)/atherectomy may receive less benefit from Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection (95% confidence limits for relative risk of 0.61–1.74) than do men (0.43–0.89) (p=0.11). This difference may be a true treatment difference, the effect of other differences in these subgroups, or a chance occurrence.
Approximately 90% of patients in the PRISM-PLUS study underwent coronary angiography and 30% underwent angioplasty/atherectomy during the first 30 days of the study. The majority of these patients continued on study drug throughout these procedures. Tirofiban Hydrochloride was continued for 12–24 hours (average 15 hours) after angioplasty/atherectomy. The effects of Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection at Day 30 did not appear to differ among sub-populations that did or did not receive PTCA or CABG, both prior to and after the procedure.
PRISM (Platelet Receptor Inhibition for Ischemic Syndrome Management)
In the PRISM study, a randomized, parallel, double-blind study, 3232 patients with NSTE-ACS intended to be managed without coronary intervention were randomized to Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection (initial dose of 0.6 mcg/kg/min for 30 minutes followed by 0.15 mcg/kg/min for 47.5 hours) or heparin (5000-unit intravenous bolus followed by an infusion of 1000 U/h for 48 hours). The mean age of the population was 62 years; 32% of the population was female and 25% had non-ST elevation MI on presentation. Thirty percent had no ECG evidence of cardiac ischemia. Exclusion criteria were similar to PRISM-PLUS. The primary endpoint was the composite endpoint of refractory ischemia, MI or death at the end of the 48-hour drug infusion. The results are shown in Table 7.
Table 7 Primary Outcomes in PRISM – Cardiac Ischemia Events
Composite Endpoint (death, MI, or refractory ischemia) | Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection (N=1616) | Heparin (N=1616) | Risk Reduction | p-value |
| 2 Days (end of drug infusion)
| 3.8%
| 5.6%
| 33%
| 0.015
|
| 7 Days
| 10.3%
| 11.3%
| 10%
| 0.33
|
In the PRISM study, no adverse effect of Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection on mortality at either 7 or 30 days was detected. This result is different from that in the PRISM-PLUS study, where the arm that included Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection without heparin (N=345) was dropped at an interim analysis by the Data Safety Monitoring Committee for increased mortality at 7 days.