FDA Label for Latanoprost

1 Indications And Usage

Latanoprost Ophthalmic Solution is indicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

2 Dosage And Administration

The recommended dosage is one drop in the affected eye(s) once daily in the evening. If one dose is missed, treatment should continue with the next dose as normal.

The dosage of Latanoprost Ophthalmic Solution should not exceed once daily; the combined use of two or more prostaglandins, or prostaglandin analogs including Latanoprost Ophthalmic Solution is not recommended. It has been shown that administration of these prostaglandin drug products more than once daily may decrease the intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effect or cause paradoxical elevations in IOP.

Reduction of the IOP starts approximately 3 to 4 hours after administration and the maximum effect is reached after 8 to 12 hours.

Latanoprost Ophthalmic Solution may be used concomitantly with other topical ophthalmic drug products to lower IOP. If more than one topical ophthalmic drug is being used, the drugs should be administered at least five (5) minutes apart. Contact lenses should be removed prior to the administration of Latanoprost Opthalmic Solution, and may be reinserted 15 minutes after administration

3 Dosage Forms And Strengths

Sterile ophthalmic solution containing 50 mcg/mL latanoprost.

4 Contraindications

Known hypersensitivity to latanoprost, benzalkonium chloride or any other ingredients in this product.

5.1 Pigmentation

Latanoprost ophthalmic solution has been reported to cause changes to pigmented tissues. The most frequently reported changes have been increased pigmentation of the iris, periorbital tissue (eyelid), and eyelashes. Pigmentation is expected to increase as long as latanoprost is administered.

The pigmentation change is due to increased melanin content in the melanocytes rather than to an increase in the number of melanocytes. After discontinuation of latanoprost, pigmentation of the iris is likely to be permanent, while pigmentation of the periorbital tissue and eyelash changes have been reported to be reversible in some patients. Patients who receive treatment should be informed of the possibility of increased pigmentation. Beyond 5 years the effects of increased pigmentation are not known [see Clinical Studies (14.2)].

Iris color change may not be noticeable for several months to years. Typically, the brown pigmentation around the pupil spreads concentrically towards the periphery of the iris and the entire iris or parts of the iris become more brownish. Neither nevi nor freckles of the iris appear to be affected by treatment. While treatment with Latanoprost ophthalmic solution can be continued in patients who develop noticeably increased iris pigmentation, these patients should be examined regularly [see Patient Counseling Information (17)].

5.2 Eyelash Changes

Latanoprost ophthalmic solution may gradually change eyelashes and vellus hair in the treated eye; these changes include increased length, thickness, pigmentation, the number of lashes or hairs, and misdirected growth of eyelashes. Eyelash changes are usually reversible upon discontinuation of treatment [see Patient Counseling Information (17)].

5.3 Intraocular Inflammation

Latanoprost ophthalmic solution should be used with caution in patients with a history of intraocular inflammation (iritis/uveitis) and should generally not be used in patients with active intraocular inflammation because inflammation may be exacerbated.

5.4 Macular Edema

Macular edema, including cystoid macular edema, has been reported during treatment with Latanoprost ophthalmic solution. Latanoprost ophthalmic solution should be used with caution in aphakic patients, in pseudophakic patients with a torn posterior lens capsule, or in patients with known risk factors for macular edema.

5.5 Herpetic Keratitis

Reactivation of Herpes Simplex keratitis has been reported during treatment with Latanoprost ophthalmic solution. Latanoprost ophthalmic solution should be used with caution in patients with a history of herpetic keratitis. Latanoprost ophthalmic solution should be avoided in cases of active herpes simplex keratitis because inflammation may be exacerbated.

5.6 Bacterial Keratitis

There have been reports of bacterial keratitis associated with the use of multiple-dose containers of topical ophthalmic products. These containers had been inadvertently contaminated by patients who, in most cases, had a concurrent corneal disease or a disruption of the ocular epithelial surface [see Patient Counseling Information (17)].

5.7 Use With Contact Lenses

Contact lenses should be removed prior to the administration of Latanoprost ophthalmic solution, and may be reinserted 15 minutes after administration.

6 Adverse Reactions

The following adverse reactions were reported in postmarketing experience and are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the label:

• •Iris pigmentation changes [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
• •Eyelid skin darkening [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
• •Eyelash changes (increased length, thickness, pigmentation, and number of lashes) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]
• •Intraocular inflammation (iritis/uveitis) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
• •Macular edema, including cystoid macular edema [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, the adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical studies of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Latanoprost ophthalmic solution was studied in three multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trials. Patients received 50 mcg/mL Latanoprost ophthalmic solution once daily or 5 mg/mL active-comparator (timolol) twice daily. The patient population studied had a mean age of 65±10 years. Seven percent of patients withdrew before the 6-month endpoint.

Table 1: Ocular Adverse Reactions and Ocular Signs/Symptoms Reported by 5–15% of Patients Receiving Latanoprost

•  Less than 1% of the patients treated with Latanoprost ophthalmic solution required discontinuation of therapy because of intolerance to conjunctival hyperemia.

Table 2: Adverse Reactions That Were Reported in 1–5% of Patients Receiving Latanoprost

	Adverse Reactions (incidence (%))
	Latanoprost (n=460)	Timolol (n=369)
Ocular Events/Signs and Symptoms
Excessive tearing	4	6
Eyelid discomfort/pain	4	2
Dry eye	3	3
Eye pain	3	3
Eyelid margin crusting	3	3
Erythema of the eyelid	3	2
Photophobia	2	1
Eyelid edema	1	3
Systemic Events
Upper respiratory tract infection/nasopharyngitis/influenza	3	3
Myalgia/arthralgia/back pain	1	0.5
Rash/allergic skin reaction	1	0.3

The ocular event/signs and symptoms of blepharitis have been identified as "commonly observed" through analysis of clinical trial data.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience

The following reactions have been identified during postmarketing use of Latanoprost ophthalmic solution in clinical practice. Because they are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. The reactions, which have been chosen for inclusion due to either their seriousness, frequency of reporting, possible causal connection to Latanoprost ophthalmic solution, or a combination of these factors, include:

Nervous System disorders: Dizziness; headache; toxic epidermal necrolysis

Eye Disorders: Eyelash and vellus hair changes of the eyelid (increased length, thickness, pigmentation, and number of eyelashes); keratitis; corneal edema and erosions; intraocular inflammation (iritis/uveitis); macular edema, including cystoid macular edema; trichiasis; periorbital and lid changes resulting in deepening of the eyelid sulcus; iris cyst; eyelid skin darkening; localised skin reaction on the eyelids; conjunctivitis; pseudopemphigoid of the ocular conjunctiva

Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders: Asthma and exacerbation of asthma; dyspnea

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Pruritus

Infections and Infestations: Herpes keratitis

Cardiac Disorders: Angina; palpitations; angina unstable

General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: Chest pain

7 Drug Interactions

In vitro studies have shown that precipitation occurs when eye drops containing thimerosal are mixed with Latanoprost ophthalmic solution. If such drugs are used, they should be administered at least five (5) minutes apart.

The combined use of two or more prostaglandins, or prostaglandin analogs including Latanoprost ophthalmic solution is not recommended. It has been shown that administration of these prostaglandin drug products more than once daily may decrease the IOP lowering effect or cause paradoxical elevations in IOP.

8.1 Pregnancy

Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category C.

Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits. In rabbits, an incidence of 4 of 16 dams had no viable fetuses at a dose that was approximately 80 times the maximum human dose, and the highest nonembryocidal dose in rabbits was approximately 15 times the maximum human dose.

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Latanoprost ophthalmic solution should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether this drug or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Latanoprost ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing woman.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

8.5 Geriatric Use

No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between elderly and younger patients.

10 Overdosage

Intravenous infusion of up to 3 mcg/kg in healthy volunteers produced mean plasma concentrations 200 times higher than during clinical treatment and no adverse reactions were observed. Intravenous dosages of 5.5 to 10 mcg/kg caused abdominal pain, dizziness, fatigue, hot flushes, nausea, and sweating.

If overdosage with Latanoprost ophthalmic solution occurs, treatment should be symptomatic.

11 Description

Latanoprost is a prostaglandin F_2α analogue. Its chemical name is isopropyl-(Z)-7[(1R,2R,3R,5S)3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentyl]cyclopentyl]-5-heptenoate. Its molecular formula is C₂₆H₄₀O₅ and its chemical structure is:

Latanoprost is a colorless to slightly yellow oil that is very soluble in acetonitrile and freely soluble in acetone, ethanol, ethyl acetate, isopropanol, methanol and octanol. It is practically insoluble in water.

Latanoprost ophthalmic solution 0.005% is supplied as a sterile, isotonic, buffered aqueous solution of latanoprost with a pH of approximately 6.7 and an osmolality of approximately 267 mOsmol/kg. Each mL of Latanoprost ophthalmic solution contains 50 mcg of latanoprost. Benzalkonium chloride, 0.02% is added as a preservative. The inactive ingredients are: sodium chloride, monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate, dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous and water for injection. One drop contains approximately 1.5 mcg of latanoprost.

12.1 Mechanism Of Action

Latanoprost is a prostanoid selective FP receptor agonist that is believed to reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor. Studies in animals and man suggest that the main mechanism of action is increased uveoscleral outflow. Elevated IOP represents a major risk factor for glaucomatous field loss. The higher the level of IOP, the greater the likelihood of optic nerve damage and visual field loss.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Reduction of the IOP in man starts about 3-4 hours after administration and maximum effect is reached after 8-12 hours. IOP reduction is present for at least 24 hours.

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

Latanoprost was not carcinogenic in either mice or rats when administered by oral gavage at doses of up to 170 mcg/kg/day (approximately 2800 times the recommended maximum human dose) for up to 20 and 24 months, respectively.

Latanoprost was not mutagenic in bacteria, in mouse lymphoma, or in mouse micronucleus tests. Chromosome aberrations were observed in vitro with human lymphocytes. Additional in vitro and in vivo studies on unscheduled DNA synthesis in rats were negative.

Latanoprost has not been found to have any effect on male or female fertility in animal studies.

14.1 Elevated Baseline Iop

Patients with mean baseline IOP of 24 – 25 mmHg who were treated for 6 months in multi-center, randomized, controlled trials demonstrated 6 – 8 mmHg reductions in IOP. This IOP reduction with Latanoprost ophthalmic solution 0.005% dosed once daily was equivalent to the effect of timolol 0.5% dosed twice daily.

14.2 Progression Of Increased Iris Pigmentation

A 3-year open-label, prospective safety study with a 2-year extension phase was conducted to evaluate the progression of increased iris pigmentation with continuous use of Latanoprost ophthalmic solution once-daily as adjunctive therapy in 519 patients with open-angle glaucoma. The analysis was based on observed-cases population of the 380 patients who continued in the extension phase.

Results showed that the onset of noticeable increased iris pigmentation occurred within the first year of treatment for the majority of the patients who developed noticeable increased iris pigmentation. Patients continued to show signs of increasing iris pigmentation throughout the five years of the study. Observation of increased iris pigmentation did not affect the incidence, nature, or severity of adverse events (other than increased iris pigmentation) recorded in the study. IOP reduction was similar regardless of the development of increased iris pigmentation during the study.

16 How Supplied/Storage And Handling

Latanoprost Ophthalmic Solution is a clear, isotonic, buffered, preserved colorless solution of latanoprost 0.005% (50 mcg/mL). It is supplied as a 2.5 mL solution in a 4 mL clear LDPE DROP-TAINER* bottle with a clear LDPE dropper tip and a turquoise polypropylene cap.

2.5 mL fill, 0.005% (50 mcg/mL)

•   Package of 1 bottle NDC 61314-547-01
•   Multi-pack of 3 bottles NDC 61314-547-03

Storage

Protect from light. Store unopened bottle(s) under refrigeration at 2° to 8°C (36° to 46°F). During shipment to the patient, the bottle may be maintained at temperatures up to 40°C (104°F) for a period not exceeding 8 days. Once a bottle is opened for use, it may be stored at room temperature up to 25°C (77°F) for 6 weeks.

Rx only

*DROP-TAINER® is a registered trademark of Alcon Research, Ltd.

Manufactured by

Alcon Laboratories, Inc.

Fort Worth, Texas 76134 for

Sandoz Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540

Revised: November 2017

9015404

9015669

17 Patient Counseling Information

Potential for Pigmentation

Advise patients about the potential for increased brown pigmentation of the iris, which may be permanent. Inform patients about the possibility of eyelid skin darkening, which may be reversible after discontinuation of Latanoprost ophthalmic solution [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Potential for Eyelash Changes

Inform patients of the possibility of eyelash and vellus hair changes in the treated eye during treatment with Latanoprost ophthalmic solution. These changes may result in a disparity between eyes in length, thickness, pigmentation, number of eyelashes or vellus hairs, and/or direction of eyelash growth. Eyelash changes are usually reversible upon discontinuation of treatment.

Handling the Container

Instruct patients to avoid allowing the tip of the dispensing container to contact the eye or surrounding structures because this could cause the tip to become contaminated by common bacteria known to cause ocular infections. Serious damage to the eye and subsequent loss of vision may result from using contaminated solutions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

When to Seek Physician Advice

Advise patients that if they develop an intercurrent ocular condition (e.g., trauma or infection) or have ocular surgery, or develop any ocular reactions, particularly conjunctivitis and eyelid reactions, they should immediately seek their physician's advice concerning the continued use of the multiple-dose container.

Use with Contact Lenses

Advise patients that Latanoprost ophthalmic solution contains benzalkonium chloride, which may be absorbed by contact lenses. Contact lenses should be removed prior to administration of the solution. Lenses may be reinserted 15 minutes following administration of Latanoprost ophthalmic solution.

Use with Other Ophthalmic Drugs

If more than one topical ophthalmic drug is being used, the drugs should be administered at least five (5) minutes apart.

Manufactured by

Alcon Laboratories, Inc.

Fort Worth, Texas 76134 for

Sandoz Inc.

Princeton, NJ 08540

Revised: November 2017

9015404

9015669

Package/Label Principal Display Panel

NDC 61314-547-01 Rx Only

Latanoprost Ophthalmic Solution, 0.005%

FOR USE IN THE EYES ONLY

STERILE

125 μg/2.5 mL