Lansoprazole
FDA Label NDC 61919-891

1.1 Short-Term Treatment of Active Duodenal Ulcer

Lansoprazole is indicated for short-term treatment (for 4 weeks) for healing and symptom relief of active duodenal ulcer [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)].

1.2 H. pylori Eradication to Reduce the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence

Triple Therapy: Lansoprazole/amoxicillin/clarithromycin

Lansoprazole in combination with amoxicillin plus clarithromycin as triple therapy is indicated for the treatment of patients with H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or one year history of a duodenal ulcer) to eradicate H. pylori. Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)].

Please refer to the full prescribing information for amoxicillin and clarithromycin.

Dual Therapy: Lansoprazole/amoxicillin

Lansoprazole in combination with amoxicillin as dual therapy is indicated for the treatment of patients with H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or one year history of a duodenal ulcer) who are either allergic or intolerant to clarithromycin or in whom resistance to clarithromycin is known or suspected (see the clarithromycin package insert, MICROBIOLOGY section). Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)].

Please refer to the full prescribing information for amoxicillin.

1.3 Maintenance of Healed Duodenal Ulcers

Lansoprazole is indicated to maintain healing of duodenal ulcers. Controlled studies do not extend beyond 12 months [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)].

1.4 Short-Term Treatment of Active Benign Gastric Ulcer

Lansoprazole is indicated for short-term treatment (up to 8 weeks) for healing and symptom relief of active benign gastric ulcer [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)].

1.5 Healing of NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer

Lansoprazole is indicated for the treatment of NSAID-associated gastric ulcer in patients who continue NSAID use. Controlled studies did not extend beyond 8 weeks [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)].

1.6 Risk Reduction of NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer

Lansoprazole is indicated for reducing the risk of NSAID-associated gastric ulcers in patients with a history of a documented gastric ulcer who require the use of an NSAID. Controlled studies did not extend beyond 12 weeks [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)].

1.7 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Short-Term Treatment of Symptomatic GERD

Lansoprazole is indicated for the treatment of heartburn and other symptoms associated with GERD for up to 8 weeks [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)].

Short-Term Treatment of Erosive Esophagitis

Lansoprazole is indicated for short-term treatment (up to 8 weeks) for healing and symptom relief of all grades of erosive esophagitis. For patients who do not heal with Lansoprazole for 8 weeks (5 to 10%), it may be helpful to give an additional 8 weeks of treatment. If there is a recurrence of erosive esophagitis an additional 8 week course of Lansoprazole may be considered [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)].

1.8 Maintenance of Healing of Erosive Esophagitis (EE)

Lansoprazole is indicated to maintain healing of erosive esophagitis. Controlled studies did not extend beyond 12 months [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)].

1.9 Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome(ZES)

Lansoprazole is indicated for the long-term treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions, including Zollinger-Ellison syndrome [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)].

Lansoprazole is available as a capsule in 15 mg and 30 mg strengths. Direction for use specific to the route and available methods of administration of this dosage form is presented below. Lansoprazole should be taken before eating. Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules SHOULD NOT BE CRUSHED OR CHEWED. In the clinical trials, antacids were used concomitantly with lansoprazole.

2.1 Recommended Dose

*Please refer to amoxicillin and clarithromycin full prescribing information for CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS, and for information regarding dosing in elderly and renally-impaired patients.
† Controlled studies did not extend beyond indicated duration.
‡ For patients who do not heal with lansoprazole for 8 weeks (5 to 10%), it may be helpful to give an additional 8 weeks of treatment. If there is a recurrence of erosive esophagitis, an additional 8 week course of lansoprazole may be considered.
§The lansoprazole dose was increased (up to 30 mg twice daily) in some pediatric patients after 2 or more weeks of treatment if they remained symptomatic. For pediatric patients unable to swallow an intact capsule please see Administration Options.
¶Varies with individual patient. Recommended adult starting dose is 60 mg once daily. Doses should be adjusted to individual patient needs and should continue for as long as clinically indicated. Dosages up to 90 mg twice daily have been administered. Daily dose of greater than 120 mg should be administered in divided doses. Some patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome have been treated continuously with lansoprazole for more than 4 years.
#Controlled studies did not extend beyond 12 months.
Indication	Recommended Dose	Frequency
Duodenal Ulcers
Short-Term Treatment	15 mg	Once daily for 4 weeks
Maintenance of Healed	15 mg	Once daily
H. pylori Eradication to  Reduce the Risk of  Duodenal Ulcer  Recurrence*
Triple Therapy:
Lansoprazole	30 mg	Twice daily (q12h) for 10 or 14 days
Amoxicillin	1 gram	Twice daily (q12h) for 10 or 14 days
Clarithromycin	500 mg	Twice daily (q12h) for 10 or 14 days
Dual Therapy:
Lansoprazole	30 mg	Three times daily (q8h) for 14 days
Amoxicillin	1 gram	Three times daily (q8h) for 14 days
Benign Gastric Ulcer
Short-Term Treatment	30 mg	Once daily for up to 8 weeks
NSAID-associated  Gastric Ulcer
Healing	30 mg	Once daily for 8 weeks†
Risk Reduction	15 mg	Once daily for up to 12 weeks†
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Short-Term Treatment                                                                                                                              of Symptomatic GERD	15 mg	Once daily for up to 8 weeks
Short-Term  Treatment of Erosive     Esophagitis	30 mg	Once daily for up to 8 weeks‡
Pediatric
(1 to 11 years of age)
Short-Term Treatment of Symptomatic GERD and Short-Term Treatment of Erosive Esophagitis
≤ 30 kg	15 mg	Once daily for up to 12 weeks§
> 30 kg	30 mg	Once daily for up to 12 weeks§
(12 to 17 year of age)
Short-Term Treatment of Symptomatic GERD
Nonerosive GERD	15 mg	Once daily for  up to 8 weeks
Erosive Esophagitis	30 mg	Once daily for  up to 8 weeks
Maintenance of Healing of Erosive Esophagitis	15 mg	Once daily
Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome	60 mg	Once daily¶

Patients should be instructed that if a dose is missed, it should be taken as soon as possible. However, if the next scheduled dose is due, the patient should not take the missed dose, and should be instructed to take the next dose on time. Patients should be instructed not to take 2 doses at one time to make up for a missed dose.

2.2 Special Populations

Renal impairment patients and geriatric patients do not require dosage adjustment. However, consider dose adjustment in patients with severe liver impairment [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS (8.5, 8.6 and 8.7)].

2.3 Important Administration Information

Administration Option

Lansoprazole Delayed-release Capsules – Oral Administration

• Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules should be swallowed whole.
• Alternatively, for patients who have difficulty swallowing capsules, lansoprazole delayed-release capsules can be opened and administered as follows:

      о   Open capsule.

      о   Sprinkle intact granules on one tablespoon of either applesauce, ENSURE     pudding, cottage cheese, yogurt or strained pears.

      о   Swallow immediately.

• Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules may also be emptied into a small volume of either apple juice, orange juice or tomato juice and administered as follows:

      о   Open capsule.

      о   Sprinkle intact granules into a small volume of either apple juice, orange juice or tomato juice (60 mL – approximately 2 ounces).

      о   Mix briefly.

      о   Swallow immediately.

      о   To ensure complete delivery of the dose, the glass should be rinsed with two or more volumes of juice and the contents swallowed immediately.

Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules - Nasogastric Tube (≥ 16 French) Administration

• For patients who have a nasogastric tube in place, lansoprazole delayed-release capsules can be administered as follows:

      о   Open capsule.

      о   Mix intact granules into 40 mL of apple juice. DO NOT USE OTHER LIQUIDS.

      о   Inject through the nasogastric tube into the stomach.

      о   Flush with additional apple juice to clear the tube.

USE IN OTHER FOODS AND LIQUIDS HAS NOT BEEN STUDIED CLINICALLY AND IS THEREFORE NOT RECOMMENDED.

15 mg capsules are enteric coated pellets filled in size ‘3’ hard gelatin capsules with standard pink opaque colored cap printed with "ZA -50" in black ink and white opaque body printed with "15mg" in black ink

30 mg capsules are enteric coated pellets filled in size ‘1’ hard gelatin capsules with standard pink opaque colored cap printed with "ZA -51" in black ink and white opaque body printed with "30 mg" in black ink

Lansoprazole is contraindicated in patients with known severe hypersensitivity to any component of the formulation of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules. Hypersensitivity reactions may include anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, angioedema, bronchospasm, acute interstitial nephritis, and urticaria [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6)].

For information about contraindications of antibacterial agents (clarithromycin and amoxicillin) indicated in combination with lansoprazole, refer to the CONTRAINDICATIONS section of their package inserts.

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• 5. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

  5.1 Gastric Malignancy

  Symptomatic response to therapy with lansoprazole does not preclude the presence of gastric malignancy.

  5.2 Acute Interstitial Nephritis

  Acute interstitial nephritis has been observed in patients taking PPIs including lansoprazole. Acute interstitial nephritis may occur at any point during PPI therapy and is generally attributed to an idiopathic hypersensitivity reaction. Discontinue lansoprazole if acute interstitial nephritis develops [see CONTRAINDICATIONS (4)].

  5.3 Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) Deficiency

  Daily treatment with any acid-suppressing medications over a long period of time (e.g., longer than 3 years) may lead to malabsorption of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) caused by hypo- or achlorhydria. Rare reports of cyanocobalamin deficiency occurring with acid-suppressing therapy have been reported in the literature. This diagnosis should be considered if clinical symptoms consistent with cyanocobalamin deficiency are observed.

  5.4 Clostridium difficile Associated Diarrhea

  Published observational studies suggest that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy like lansoprazole may be associated with an increased risk of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD), especially in hospitalized patients. This diagnosis should be considered for diarrhea that does not improve [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.2)].

  Patients should use the lowest dose and shortest duration of PPI therapy appropriate to the condition being treated.

  CDAD has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents. For more information specific to antibacterial agents (clarithromycin and amoxicillin) indicated for use in combination with lansoprazole, refer to WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS sections of those package inserts.

  5.5 Bone Fracture

  Several published observational studies suggest that PPI therapy may be associated with an increased risk for osteoporosis-related fractures of the hip, wrist or spine. The risk of fracture was increased in patients who received high-dose, defined as multiple daily doses, and long-term PPI therapy (a year or longer). Patients should use the lowest dose and shortest duration of PPI therapy appropriate to the condition being treated. Patients at risk for osteoporosis-related fractures should be managed according to established treatment guidelines [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2) AND ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.2)].

  5.6 Hypomagnesemia

  Hypomagnesemia, symptomatic and asymptomatic, has been reported rarely in patients treated with PPIs for at least three months, in most cases after a year of therapy. Serious adverse events include tetany, arrhythmias, and seizures. In most patients, treatment of hypomagnesemia required magnesium replacement and discontinuation of the PPI.

  For patients expected to be on prolonged treatment or who take PPIs with medications such as digoxin or drugs that may cause hypomagnesemia (e.g., diuretics), health care professionals may consider monitoring magnesium levels prior to initiation of PPI treatment and periodically [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.2)].

  5.7 Concomitant Use of Lansoprazole with Methotrexate

  Literature suggests that concomitant use of PPIs with methotrexate (primarily at high dose; see methotrexate prescribing information) may elevate and prolong serum levels of methotrexate and/or its metabolite, possibly leading to methotrexate toxicities. In high-dose methotrexate administration, a temporary withdrawal of the PPI may be considered in some patients [see DRUG INTERACTIONS (7.6) and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)].

6.1 Clinical

Worldwide, over 10,000 patients have been treated with lansoprazole in Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical trials involving various dosages and durations of treatment. In general, lansoprazole treatment has been well-tolerated in both short-term and long-term trials.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

The following adverse reactions were reported by the treating physician to have a possible or probable relationship to drug in 1% or more of lansoprazole-treated patients and occurred at a greater rate in lansoprazole-treated patients than placebo-treated patients in Table 1.

Table 1Incidence of Possibly or Probably Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Lansoprazole Studies

Body System/Adverse Event	Lansoprazole (N= 2768) %	Placebo (N= 1023) %
Body as a Whole      Abdominal Pain	2.1	1.2
Digestive System      Constipation      Diarrhea      Nausea	1 3.8 1.3	0.4 2.3 1.2

Headache was also seen at greater than 1% incidence but was more common on placebo. The incidence of diarrhea was similar between patients who received placebo and patients who received 15 mg and 30 mg of lansoprazole, but higher in the patients who received 60 mg of lansoprazole (2.9%, 1.4%, 4.2%, and 7.4%, respectively).

The most commonly reported possibly or probably treatment-related adverse event during maintenance therapy was diarrhea.

In the risk reduction study of lansoprazole for NSAID-associated gastric ulcers, the incidence of diarrhea for patients treated with lansoprazole, misoprostol, and placebo was 5%, 22%, and 3%, respectively.

Another study for the same indication, where patients took either a COX-2 inhibitor or lansoprazole and naproxen, demonstrated that the safety profile was similar to the prior study. Additional reactions from this study not previously observed in other clinical trials with lansoprazole included contusion, duodenitis, epigastric discomfort, esophageal disorder, fatigue, hunger, hiatal hernia, hoarseness, impaired gastric emptying, metaplasia, and renal impairment.

Additional adverse experiences occurring in less than 1% of patients or subjects who received lansoprazole in domestic trials are shown below:

Body as a Whole

abdomen enlarged, allergic reaction, asthenia, back pain, candidiasis, carcinoma, chest pain (not otherwise specified), chills, edema, fever, flu syndrome, halitosis, infection (not otherwise specified), malaise, neck pain, neck rigidity, pain, pelvic pain

Cardiovascular System

angina, arrhythmia, bradycardia, cerebrovascular accident/cerebral infarction, hypertension/hypotension, migraine, myocardial infarction, palpitations, shock (circulatory failure), syncope, tachycardia, vasodilation

Digestive System

abnormal stools, anorexia, bezoar, cardiospasm, cholelithiasis, colitis, dry mouth, dyspepsia, dysphagia, enteritis, eructation, esophageal stenosis, esophageal ulcer, esophagitis, fecal discoloration, flatulence, gastric nodules/fundic gland polyps, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal anomaly, gastrointestinal disorder, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, glossitis, gum hemorrhage, hematemesis, increased appetite, increased salivation, melena, mouth ulceration, nausea and vomiting, nausea and vomiting and diarrhea, gastrointestinal moniliasis, rectal disorder, rectal hemorrhage, stomatitis, tenesmus, thirst, tongue disorder, ulcerative colitis, ulcerative stomatitis

Endocrine System

diabetes mellitus, goiter, hypothyroidism

Hemic and Lymphatic System

anemia, hemolysis, lymphadenopathy

Metabolism and Nutritional Disorders

avitaminosis, gout, dehydration, hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia, peripheral edema, weight gain/loss

Musculoskeletal System

arthralgia, arthritis, bone disorder, joint disorder, leg cramps, musculoskeletal pain, myalgia, myasthenia, ptosis, synovitis

Nervous System

abnormal dreams, agitation, amnesia, anxiety, apathy, confusion, convulsion, dementia, depersonalization, depression, diplopia, dizziness, emotional lability, hallucinations, hemiplegia, hostility aggravated, hyperkinesia, hypertonia, hypesthesia, insomnia, libido decreased/increased, nervousness, neurosis, paresthesia, sleep disorder, somnolence, thinking abnormality, tremor, vertigo

Respiratory System

asthma, bronchitis, cough increased, dyspnea, epistaxis, hemoptysis, hiccup, laryngeal neoplasia, lung fibrosis, pharyngitis, pleural disorder, pneumonia, respiratory disorder, upper respiratory inflammation/infection, rhinitis, sinusitis, stridor

Skin and Appendages

acne, alopecia, contact dermatitis, dry skin, fixed eruption, hair disorder, maculopapular rash, nail disorder, pruritus, rash, skin carcinoma, skin disorder, sweating, urticaria

Special Senses

abnormal vision, amblyopia, blepharitis, blurred vision, cataract, conjunctivitis, deafness, dry eyes, ear/eye disorder, eye pain, glaucoma, otitis media, parosmia, photophobia, retinal degeneration/disorder, taste loss, taste perversion, tinnitus, visual field defect

Urogenital System

abnormal menses, breast enlargement, breast pain, breast tenderness, dysmenorrhea, dysuria, gynecomastia, impotence, kidney calculus, kidney pain, leukorrhea, menorrhagia, menstrual disorder, penis disorder, polyuria, testis disorder, urethral pain, urinary frequency, urinary retention, urinary tract infection, urinary urgency, urination impaired, vaginitis.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience

Additional adverse experiences have been reported since lansoprazole has been marketed. The majority of these cases are foreign-sourced and a relationship to lansoprazole has not been established. Because these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, estimates of frequency cannot be made. These events are listed below by COSTART body system.

Body as a Whole

anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions;

Digestive System

hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, vomiting;

Hemic and Lymphatic System

agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura;

Infections and Infestations

Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea

Metabolism and Nutritional Disorders

hypomagnesemia

Musculoskeletal System

bone fracture, myositis;

Skin and Appendages

severe dermatologic reactions including erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (some fatal);

Special Senses

speech disorder;

Urogenital System

interstitial nephritis, urinary retention.

6.3 Combination Therapy with Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin

In clinical trials using combination therapy with lansoprazole plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin, and lansoprazole plus amoxicillin, no adverse reactions peculiar to these drug combinations were observed. Adverse reactions that have occurred have been limited to those that had been previously reported with lansoprazole, amoxicillin, or clarithromycin.

Triple Therapy: Lansoprazole /amoxicillin/clarithromycin

The most frequently reported adverse reactions for patients who received triple therapy for 14 days were diarrhea (7%), headache (6%), and taste perversion (5%). There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of reported adverse reactions between the 10 and 14 day triple therapy regimens. No treatment-emergent adverse reactions were observed at significantly higher rates with triple therapy than with any dual therapy regimen.

Dual Therapy: Lansoprazole/amoxicillin

The most frequently reported adverse reactions for patients who received lansoprazole three times daily plus amoxicillin three times daily dual therapy were diarrhea (8%) and headache (7%). No treatment-emergent adverse reactions were observed at significantly higher rates with lansoprazole three times daily plus amoxicillin three times daily dual therapy than with lansoprazole alone.

For information about adverse reactions with antibacterial agents (amoxicillin and clarithromycin) indicated in combination with lansoprazole, refer to the ADVERSE REACTIONS section of their package inserts.

6.4 Laboratory Values

The following changes in laboratory parameters in patients who received lansoprazole were reported as adverse reactions:

Abnormal liver function tests, increased SGOT (AST), increased SGPT (ALT), increased creatinine, increased alkaline phosphatase, increased globulins, increased GGTP, increased/decreased/abnormal WBC, abnormal AG ratio, abnormal RBC, bilirubinemia, blood potassium increased, blood urea increased, crystal urine present, eosinophilia, hemoglobin decreased, hyperlipemia, increased/decreased electrolytes, increased/decreased cholesterol, increased glucocorticoids, increased LDH, increased/decreased/abnormal platelets, increased gastrin levels and positive fecal occult blood. Urine abnormalities such as albuminuria, glycosuria, and hematuria were also reported. Additional isolated laboratory abnormalities were reported.

In the placebo-controlled studies, when SGOT (AST) and SGPT (ALT) were evaluated, 0.4% (4/978) and 0.4% (11/2677) patients, who received placebo and lansoprazole, respectively, had enzyme elevations greater than three times the upper limit of normal range at the final treatment visit. None of these patients who received lansoprazole reported jaundice at any time during the study.

In clinical trials using combination therapy with lansoprazole plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin, and lansoprazole plus amoxicillin, no increased laboratory abnormalities particular to these drug combinations were observed.

For information about laboratory value changes with antibacterial agents (amoxicillin and clarithromycin) indicated in combination with lansoprazole, refer to the ADVERSE REACTIONS section of their package inserts.

7.1 Drugs with pH-Dependent Absorption Kinetics

Due to its effects on gastric acid secretion, lansoprazole can reduce the absorption of drugs where gastric pH is an important determinant of their bioavailability. Like with other drugs that decrease the intragastric acidity, the absorption of drugs such as ampicillin esters, ketoconazole, atazanavir, iron salts, erlotinib, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) can decrease, while the absorption of drugs such as digoxin can increase during treatment with lansoprazole [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)].

Lansoprazole is likely to substantially decrease the systemic concentrations of the HIV protease inhibitor atazanavir, which is dependent upon the presence of gastric acid for absorption, and may result in a loss of therapeutic effect of atazanavir and the development of HIV resistance. Therefore, lansoprazole should not be coadministered with atazanavir [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)].

Coadministration of PPIs in healthy subjects and in transplant patients receiving MMF has been reported to reduce the exposure to the active metabolite, mycophenolic acid (MPA), possibly due to a decrease in MMF solubility at an increased gastric pH. The clinical relevance of reduced MPA exposure on organ rejection has not been established in transplant patients receiving PPIs and MMF. Use lansoprazole with caution in transplant patients receiving MMF.

7.2 Warfarin

In a study of healthy subjects, coadministration of single or multiple 60 mg doses of lansoprazole and warfarin did not affect the pharmacokinetics of warfarin nor prothrombin time [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)]. However, there have been reports of increased INR and prothrombin time in patients receiving PPIs and warfarin concomitantly. Increases in INR and prothrombin time may lead to abnormal bleeding and even death. Patients treated with PPIs and warfarin concomitantly may need to be monitored for increases in INR and prothrombin time [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)].

7.3 Tacrolimus

Concomitant administration of lansoprazole and tacrolimus may increase whole blood levels of tacrolimus, especially in transplant patients who are intermediate or poor metabolizers of CYP2C19.

7.4 Theophylline

A minor increase (10%) in the clearance of theophylline was observed following the administration of lansoprazole concomitantly with theophylline. Although the magnitude of the effect on theophylline clearance is small, individual patients may require additional titration of their theophylline dosage when lansoprazole is started or stopped to ensure clinically effective blood levels [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)].

7.5 Clopidogrel

Concomitant administration of lansoprazole and clopidogrel in healthy subjects had no clinically important effect on exposure to the active metabolite of clopidogrel or clopidogrel-induced platelet inhibition [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)]. No dose adjustment of clopidogrel is necessary when administered with an approved dose of lansoprazole.

7.6 Methotrexate

Case reports, published population pharmacokinetic studies, and retrospective analyses suggest that concomitant administration of PPIs and methotrexate (primarily at high dose; see methotrexate prescribing information) may elevate and prolong serum levels of methotrexate and/or its metabolite hydroxymethotrexate. However, no formal drug interaction studies of high dose methotrexate with PPIs have been conducted [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.7)].

In a study of rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving low-dose methotrexate, lansoprazole and naproxen, no effect on pharmacokinetics of methotrexate was observed [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)].

7.7 Combination Therapy with Clarithromycin

Concomitant administration of clarithromycin with other drugs can lead to serious adverse reactions due to drug interactions [see Warnings and Precautions in prescribing information for clarithromycin]. Because of these drug interactions, clarithromycin is contraindicated for coadministration with certain drugs [see Contraindications in prescribing information for clarithromycin].

For information about drug interactions of antibacterial agents (amoxicillin and clarithromycin) indicated in combination with lansoprazole, refer to the DRUG INTERACTIONS section of their package inserts.

8.1 Pregnancy

Teratogenic effects

Pregnancy Category B.

Reproduction studies have been performed in pregnant rats at oral doses up to 40 times the recommended human dose and in pregnant rabbits at oral doses up to 16 times the recommended human dose and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to lansoprazole. There are, however, no adequate or well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed [see NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY (13.2)].

See full prescribing information for clarithromycin before using in pregnant women.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

Lansoprazole or its metabolites are excreted in the milk of rats. It is not known whether lansoprazole is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from lansoprazole, and because of the potential for tumorigenicity shown for lansoprazole in rat carcinogenicity studies, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue lansoprazole, taking into account the importance of lansoprazole to the mother.

8.4 Pediatric Use

The safety and effectiveness of lansoprazole have been established in pediatric patients 1 to 17 years of age for short-term treatment of symptomatic GERD and erosive esophagitis, however, lansoprazole was not effective in patients with symptomatic GERD 1 month to less than 1 year of age in a multicenter, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study.

Neonate to less than 1 year of age

The pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole were studied in pediatric patients with GERD aged less than 28 days and 1 to 11 months. Compared to healthy adults receiving 30 mg, neonates had higher exposure (mean weight-based normalized AUC values 2.04- and 1.88-fold higher at doses of 0.5 mg/kg/day and 1 mg/kg/day, respectively). Infants aged ≤ 10 weeks had clearance and exposure values that were similar to neonates. Infants aged greater than 10 weeks who received 1 mg/kg/day had mean AUC values that were similar to adults who received a 30 mg dose.

Lansoprazole was not found to be effective in a U.S. and Polish 4 week multicenter, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of 162 patients between one month and less than 12 months of age with symptomatic GERD based on a medical history of crying/fussing/irritability associated with feedings who had not responded to conservative GERD management (i.e., nonpharmacologic intervention) for 7 to 14 days. Patients received lansoprazole as a suspension daily (0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg/day in infants ≤ 10 weeks of age or 1 to 1.5 mg/kg/day in infants greater than 10 weeks or placebo) for up to 4 weeks of

doubleblind treatment.

The primary efficacy endpoint was assessed by greater than 50% reduction from baseline in either the percent of feedings with a crying/fussing/irritability episode or the duration (minutes) of a crying/fussing/irritability episode within one hour after feeding.

There was no difference in the percentage of responders between the lansoprazole pediatric suspension group and placebo group (54% in both groups).

There were no adverse events reported in pediatric clinical studies (1 month to less than 12 months of age) that were not previously observed in adults.

Based on the results of the Phase 3 efficacy study, lansoprazole was not shown to be effective. Therefore, these results do not support the use of lansoprazole in treating symptomatic GERD in infants.

One to 11 years of age

In an uncontrolled, open-label, U.S. multicenter study, 66 pediatric patients (1 to 11 years of age) with GERD were assigned, based on body weight, to receive an initial dose of either lansoprazole 15 mg daily if ≤ 30 kg or lansoprazole 30 mg daily if greater than 30 kg administered for 8 to 12 weeks. The lansoprazole dose was increased (up to 30 mg twice daily) in 24 of 66 pediatric patients after 2 or more weeks of treatment if they remained symptomatic. At baseline 85% of patients had mild to moderate overall GERD symptoms (assessed by investigator interview), 58% had non-erosive GERD and 42% had erosive esophagitis (assessed by endoscopy).

After 8 to 12 weeks of lansoprazole treatment, the intent-to-treat analysis demonstrated an approximate 50% reduction in frequency and severity of GERD symptoms.

Twenty-one of 27 erosive esophagitis patients were healed at 8 weeks and 100% of patients were healed at 12 weeks by endoscopy (Table 2).

Table 2GERD Symptom Improvement and Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates in Pediatric Patients Age 1 to 11

GERD	Final Visit * % (n/N)
*At Week 8 or Week 12†Symptoms assessed by patients diary kept by caregiver.‡No data were available for 4 pediatric patients.
Symptomatic GERD      Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms †	76% (47/62 ‡)
Erosive Esophagitis      Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms †	81% (22/27)
Healing Rate	100% (27/27)

In a study of 66 pediatric patients in the age group 1 year to 11 years old after treatment with lansoprazole given orally in doses of 15 mg daily to 30 mg twice daily, increases in serum gastrin levels were similar to those observed in adult studies. Median fasting serum gastrin levels increased 89% from 51 pg/mL at baseline to 97 pg/mL [interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile) of 71 to 130 pg/mL] at the final visit.

The pediatric safety of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules has been assessed in 66 pediatric patients aged 1 to 11 years of age. Of the 66 patients with GERD 85% (56/66) took lansoprazole for 8 weeks and 15% (10/66) took it for 12 weeks.

The most frequently reported (2 or more patients) treatment-related adverse reactions in patients 1 to 11 years of age (N=66) were constipation (5%) and headache (3%).

Twelve to 17 years of age

In an uncontrolled, open-label, U.S. multicenter study, 87 adolescent patients (12 to 17 years of age) with symptomatic GERD were treated with lansoprazole for 8 to 12 weeks. Baseline upper endoscopies classified these patients into two groups: 64 (74%) nonerosive GERD and 23 (26%) erosive esophagitis (EE). The nonerosive GERD patients received lansoprazole 15 mg daily for 8 weeks and the EE patients received lansoprazole 30 mg daily for 8 to 12 weeks. At baseline, 89% of these patients had mild to moderate overall GERD symptoms (assessed by investigator interviews). During 8 weeks of lansoprazole treatment, adolescent patients experienced a 63% reduction in frequency and a 69% reduction in severity of GERD symptoms based on diary results.

Twenty-one of 22 (95.5%) adolescent erosive esophagitis patients were healed after 8 weeks of lansoprazole treatment. One patient remained unhealed after 12 weeks of treatment (Table 3).

Table 3GERD Symptom Improvement and Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates in Pediatric Patients Age 12 to 17

GERD	Final Visit % (n/N)
*Symptoms assessed by patient diary (parents/caregivers as necessary).†No data available for 5 patients.‡Data from one healed patient was excluded from this analysis due to timing of final endoscopy.
Symptomatic GERD (All Patients)      Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms *	73.2% (60/82)†
Nonerosive GERD      Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms *	71.2% (42/59) †
Erosive Esophagitis      Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms *	78.3% (18/23)
Healing Rate ‡	95.5% (21/22) ‡

In these 87 adolescent patients, increases in serum gastrin levels were similar to those observed in adult studies, median fasting serum gastrin levels increased 42% from 45 pg/mL at baseline to 64 pg/mL [interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile) of 44 to 88 pg/mL] at the final visit. (Normal serum gastrin levels are 25 to 111 pg/mL. )

The safety of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules has been assessed in these 87 adolescent patients. Of the 87 adolescent patients with GERD, 6% (5/87) took lansoprazole for less than 6 weeks, 93% (81/87) for 6 to 10 weeks, and 1% (1/87) for greater than 10 weeks.

The most frequently reported (at least 3%) treatment-related adverse reactions in these patients were headache (7%), abdominal pain (5%), nausea (3%) and dizziness (3%). Treatment-related dizziness, reported in this package insert as occurring in less than 1% of adult patients, was reported in this study by 3 adolescent patients with nonerosive GERD, who had dizziness concurrently with other reactions (such as migraine, dyspnea, and vomiting).

8.5 Geriatric Use

No dosage adjustment of lansoprazole is necessary in geriatric patients. The incidence rates of lansoprazole-associated adverse reactions and laboratory test abnormalities are similar to those seen in younger patients [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)].

8.6 Renal Impairment

No dosage adjustment of lansoprazole is necessary in patients with renal impairment. The pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole in patients with various degrees of renal impairment were not substantially different compared to those in subjects with normal renal function [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)].

8.7 Hepatic Impairment

In patients with various degrees of chronic hepatic impairment, an increase in the mean AUC of up to 500% was observed at steady state compared to healthy subjects. Consider dose reduction in patients with severe hepatic impairment [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)].

8.8 Gender

Over 4,000 women were treated with lansoprazole. Ulcer healing rates in females were similar to those in males. The incidence rates of adverse reactions in females were similar to those seen in males [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)].

8.9 Race

The pooled mean pharmacokinetic parameters of lansoprazole from twelve U.S. Phase 1 studies (N=513) were compared to the mean pharmacokinetic parameters from two Asian studies (N=20). The mean AUCs of lansoprazole in Asian subjects were approximately twice those seen in pooled U.S. data; however, the inter-individual variability was high. The Cmax values were comparable.

Lansoprazole is not removed from the circulation by hemodialysis. In one reported overdose, a patient consumed 600 mg of lansoprazole with no adverse reaction. Oral lansoprazole doses up to 5000 mg/kg in rats [approximately 1300 times the 30 mg human dose based on body surface area (BSA)] and in mice (about 675.7 times the 30 mg human dose based on BSA) did not produce deaths or any clinical signs. 

The active ingredient in lansoprazole delayed-release capsules is lansoprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, 2-[[[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridyl] methyl] sulfinyl] benzimidazole, a compound that inhibits gastric acid secretion. Its molecular formula is C16H14F3N3O2S with a molecular weight of 369.37. Lansoprazole has the following structure:

• 

  Image Description (Module1)

  Lansoprazole, USP is a white to brownish-white powder which melts with decomposition at approximately 166°C. Lansoprazole is freely soluble in dimethylformamide; and practically insoluble in water.

  Lansoprazole is stable when exposed to light for up to two months. The rate of degradation of the compound in aqueous solution increases with decreasing pH. The degradation half-life of the drug substance in aqueous solution at 25°C is approximately 0.5 hour at pH 5 and approximately 18 hours at pH 7.

  Each lansoprazole delayed-release capsule intended for oral administration contains 15 mg or 30 mg of lansoprazole. In addition, each capsule contains the following inactive ingredients: corn starch, D&C red # 28, FD&C blue # 1, FD&C red # 40, gelatin, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, magnesium carbonate heavy powder, methacrylic acid copolymer dispersion,  polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, sucrose, sugar spheres, talc and titanium dioxide. Capsule shell is imprinted with black pharmaceutical ink which contains black iron oxide as a coloring agent. The capsule shell is printed with black pharmaceutical ink which contains following ingredients: black iron oxide, butyl alcohol, dehydrated alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, potassium hydroxide, propylene glycol, purified water, shellac and strong ammonia solution.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Lansoprazole belongs to a class of antisecretory compounds, the substituted benzimidazoles, that suppress gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the (H+, K+)-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Because this enzyme system is regarded as the acid (proton) pump within the parietal cell, lansoprazole has been characterized as a gastric acid-pump inhibitor, in that it blocks the final step of acid production. This effect is dose-related and leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion irrespective of the stimulus. Lansoprazole does not exhibit anticholinergic or histamine type-2 antagonist activity.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Antisecretory Activity

After oral administration, lansoprazole was shown to significantly decrease the basal acid output and significantly increase the mean gastric pH and percent of time the gastric pH was greater than 3 and greater than 4. Lansoprazole also significantly reduced meal-stimulated gastric acid output and secretion volume, as well as pentagastrin-stimulated acid output. In patients with hypersecretion of acid, lansoprazole significantly reduced basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. Lansoprazole inhibited the normal increases in secretion volume, acidity and acid output induced by insulin.

The intragastric pH results of a five day, pharmacodynamic, crossover study of 15 mg and 30 mg of once daily lansoprazole are presented in Table 4:

Table 4Mean Antisecretory Effects After Single and Multiple Daily Lansoprazole Dosing

		Lansoprazole
Parameter	Baseline Value	15 mg		30 mg
NOTE: An intragastric pH of greater than 4 reflects a reduction in gastric acid by 99%.
* (p < 0.05) versus baseline only.
†(p < 0.05) versus baseline and lansoprazole 15 mg.
		Day 1	Day 5	Day 1	Day 5
Mean 24 Hour pH	2.1	2.7*	4*	3.6†	4.9†
Mean Nighttime pH	1.9	2.4	3*	2.6	3.8†
% Time Gastric pH > 3	18	33*	59*	51†	72†
% Time Gastric pH > 4	12	22*	49*	41†	66†

After the initial dose in this study, increased gastric pH was seen within 1 to 2 hours with 30 mg of lansoprazole and 2 to 3 hours with 15 mg of lansoprazole. After multiple daily dosing, increased gastric pH was seen within the first hour post-dosing with 30 mg of lansoprazole and within 1 to 2 hours post-dosing with 15 mg of lansoprazole.

Acid suppression may enhance the effect of antimicrobials in eradicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). The percentage of time gastric pH was elevated above 5 and 6 was evaluated in a crossover study of lansoprazole given daily, twice daily and three times daily (Table 5).

Table 5Mean Antisecretory Effects After 5 Days of Twice Daily and Three Times Daily Dosing

*(p < 0.05) versus lansoprazole 30 mg daily†(p < 0.05) versus lansoprazole 30 mg daily, 15 mg twice daily and 30 mg twice daily.
	Lansoprazole
Parameter	30 mg daily	15 mg twice daily	30 mg twice daily	30 mg three times daily
% Time Gastric pH > 5	43	47	59*	77†
% Time Gastric pH > 6	20	23	28	45†

The inhibition of gastric acid secretion as measured by intragastric pH gradually returned to normal over two to four days after multiple doses. There was no indication of rebound gastric acidity.

Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) Cell Effects

During lifetime exposure of rats with up to 150 mg/kg/day of lansoprazole dosed seven days per week, marked hypergastrinemia was observed followed by ECL cell proliferation and formation of carcinoid tumors, especially in female rats. Gastric biopsy specimens from the body of the stomach from approximately 150 patients treated continuously with lansoprazole for at least one year did not show evidence of ECL cell effects similar to those seen in rat studies. Longer term data are needed to rule out the possibility of an increased risk of the development of gastric tumors in patients receiving long-term therapy with lansoprazole [see NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY (13.1)].

Other Gastric Effects in Humans

Lansoprazole did not significantly affect mucosal blood flow in the fundus of the stomach. Due to the normal physiologic effect caused by the inhibition of gastric acid secretion, a decrease of about 17% in blood flow in the antrum, pylorus, and duodenal bulb was seen. Lansoprazole significantly slowed the gastric emptying of digestible solids. Lansoprazole increased serum pepsinogen levels and decreased pepsin activity under basal conditions and in response to meal stimulation or insulin injection. As with other agents that elevate intragastric pH, increases in gastric pH were associated with increases in nitrate-reducing bacteria and elevation of nitrite concentration in gastric juice in patients with gastric ulcer. No significant increase in nitrosamine concentrations was observed.

Serum Gastrin Effects

In over 2100 patients, median fasting serum gastrin levels increased 50% to 100% from baseline but remained within normal range after treatment with 15 to 60 mg of oral lansoprazole. These elevations reached a plateau within two months of therapy and returned to pretreatment levels within four weeks after discontinuation of therapy.

Endocrine Effects

Human studies for up to one year have not detected any clinically significant effects on the endocrine system. Hormones studied include testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), prolactin, cortisol, estradiol, insulin, aldosterone, parathormone, glucagon, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and somatotropic hormone (STH). Lansoprazole in oral doses of 15 to 60 mg for up to one year had no clinically significant effect on sexual function. In addition, lansoprazole in oral doses of 15 to 60 mg for two to eight weeks had no clinically significant effect on thyroid function. In 24 month carcinogenicity studies in Sprague-Dawley rats with daily lansoprazole dosages up to 150 mg/kg, proliferative changes in the Leydig cells of the testes, including benign neoplasm, were increased compared to control rats.

Other Effects

No systemic effects of lansoprazole on the central nervous system, lymphoid, hematopoietic, renal, hepatic, cardiovascular, or respiratory systems have been found in humans. Among 56 patients who had extensive baseline eye evaluations, no visual toxicity was observed after lansoprazole treatment (up to 180 mg/day) for up to 58 months. After lifetime lansoprazole exposure in rats, focal pancreatic atrophy, diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia in the thymus, and spontaneous retinal atrophy were seen.

Microbiology

Lansoprazole, clarithromycin and/or amoxicillin have been shown to be active against most strains of Helicobacter pylori in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE (1.2)].

Helicobacter pylori Pretreatment Resistance

Clarithromycin pretreatment resistance (≥ 2 mcg/mL) was 9.5% (91/960) by E-test and 11.3% (12/106) by agar dilution in the dual and triple therapy clinical trials (M93 to 125, M93 to 130, M93 to 131, M95 to 392, and M95 to 399).

Amoxicillin pretreatment susceptible isolates (≤ 0.25 mcg/mL) occurred in 97.8% (936/957) and 98% (98/100) of the patients in the dual and triple therapy clinical trials by E-test and agar dilution, respectively. Twenty-one of 957 patients (2.2%) by E-test, and 2 of 100 patients (2%) by agar dilution, had amoxicillin pretreatment MICs of greater than 0.25 mcg/mL. One patient on the 14 day triple therapy regimen had an unconfirmed pretreatment amoxicillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of greater than 256 mcg/mL by E-test and the patient was eradicated of H. pylori (Table 6).

Table 6 Clarithromycin Susceptibility Test Results and Clinical/Bacteriological Outcomes*

Clarithromycin  Pretreatment Results	Clarithromycin Post-treatment Results
*Includes only patients with pretreatment clarithromycin susceptibility test results†Susceptible (S) MIC ≤ 0.25 mcg/mL, Intermediate (I) MIC 0.5 to 1 mcg/mL, Resistant (R) MIC ≥ 2 mcg/mL
	H. pylori negative – eradicated	H. pylori positive –not eradicated Post-treatment susceptibility results
		S†	I†	R†	No MIC
Triple Therapy 14 Day (lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily/amoxicillin 1 g twice daily/clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily) (M95 to 399, M93 to 131, M95 to 392)
Susceptible†	112	105			7
Intermediate†	3	3
Resistant†	17	6		7	4
Triple Therapy 10-Day (lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily/amoxicillin 1 gm twice daily /clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily)  (M95-399)
Susceptible†	42	40	1	1
Intermediate†
Resistant†	4	1		3

Patients not eradicated of H. pylori following lansoprazole/amoxicillin/clarithromycin triple therapy will likely have clarithromycin resistant H. pylori. Therefore, for those patients who fail therapy, clarithromycin susceptibility testing should be done when possible. Patients with clarithromycin resistant H. pylori should not be treated with lansoprazole/amoxicillin/clarithromycin triple therapy or with regimens which include clarithromycin as the sole antimicrobial agent.

Amoxicillin Susceptibility Test Results and Clinical/Bacteriological Outcomes

In the dual and triple therapy clinical trials, 82.6% (195/236) of the patients that had pretreatment amoxicillin susceptible MICs (≤ 0.25 mcg/mL) were eradicated of H. pylori. Of those with pretreatment amoxicillin MICs of greater than 0.25 mcg/mL, three of six had the H. pylori eradicated. A total of 30% (21/70) of the patients failed lansoprazole 30 mg three times daily/amoxicillin 1 g three times daily dual therapy and a total of 12.8% (22/172) of the patients failed the 10 and 14 day triple therapy regimens. Post-treatment susceptibility results were not obtained on 11 of the patients who failed therapy. Nine of the 11 patients with amoxicillin post-treatment MICs that failed the triple therapy regimen also had clarithromycin resistant H. pylori isolates.

Susceptibility Test for Helicobacter pylori

For susceptibility testing information about Helicobacter pylori, see Microbiology section in prescribing information for clarithromycin and amoxicillin.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules contain an enteric-coated granule formulation of lansoprazole. Absorption of lansoprazole begins only after the granules leave the stomach. Absorption is rapid, with mean peak plasma levels of lansoprazole occurring after approximately 1.7 hours. After a single-dose administration of 15 mg to 60 mg of oral lansoprazole, the peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of lansoprazole and the area under the plasma concentration curves (AUCs) of lansoprazole were approximately proportional to the administered dose. Lansoprazole does not accumulate and its pharmacokinetics are unaltered by multiple dosing.

Absorption

The absorption of lansoprazole is rapid, with the mean Cmax occurring approximately 1.7 hours after oral dosing, and the absolute bioavailability is over 80%. In healthy subjects, the mean (±SD) plasma half-life was 1.5 (±1) hours. Both the Cmax and AUC are diminished by about 50% to 70% if lansoprazole is given 30 minutes after food, compared to the fasting condition. There is no significant food effect if lansoprazole is given before meals.

Distribution

Lansoprazole is 97% bound to plasma proteins. Plasma protein binding is constant over the concentration range of 0.05 to 5 mcg/mL.

Metabolism

Lansoprazole is extensively metabolized in the liver. Two metabolites have been identified in measurable quantities in plasma (the hydroxylated sulfinyl and sulfone derivatives of lansoprazole). These metabolites have very little or no antisecretory activity. Lansoprazole is thought to be transformed into two active species which inhibit acid secretion by blocking the proton pump [(H+, K+)-ATPase enzyme system] at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. The two active species are not present in the systemic circulation. The plasma elimination half-life of lansoprazole is less than 2 hours while the acid inhibitory effect lasts more than 24 hours. Therefore, the plasma elimination half-life of lansoprazole does not reflect its duration of suppression of gastric acid secretion.

Elimination

Following single-dose oral administration of lansoprazole, virtually no unchanged lansoprazole was excreted in the urine. In one study, after a single oral dose of 14C-lansoprazole, approximately one-third of the administered radiation was excreted in the urine and two-thirds was recovered in the feces. This implies a significant biliary excretion of the lansoprazole metabolites.

Specific Populations

Pediatric Use

One to 17 years of age

The pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole were studied in pediatric patients with GERD aged 1 to 11 years and 12 to 17 years in two separate clinical studies. In children aged 1 to 11 years, lansoprazole was dosed 15 mg daily for subjects weighing ≤ 30 kg and 30 mg daily for subjects weighing greater than 30 kg. Mean Cmax and AUC values observed on Day 5 of dosing were similar between the two dose groups and were not affected by weight or age within each weight-adjusted dose group used in the study. In adolescent subjects aged 12 to 17 years, subjects were randomized to receive lansoprazole at 15 mg or 30 mg daily. Mean Cmax and AUC values of lansoprazole were not affected by body weight or age; and nearly dose-proportional increases in mean Cmax and AUC values were observed between the two dose groups in the study. Overall, lansoprazole pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients aged 1 to 17 years were similar to those observed in healthy adult subjects.

Neonate to less than one year of age

Refer to Section 8.4 for the pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole in pediatric patients with GERD aged less than 28 days and 1 to 11 months.

Geriatric Use

The clearance of lansoprazole is decreased in the elderly, with elimination half-life increased approximately 50% to 100%. Because the mean half-life in the elderly remains between 1.9 to 2.9 hours, repeated once daily dosing does not result in accumulation of lansoprazole. Peak plasma levels were not increased in the elderly. No dosage adjustment is necessary in the elderly [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS (8.5)].

Renal Impairment

In patients with severe renal impairment, plasma protein binding decreased by 1% to 1.5% after administration of 60 mg of lansoprazole. Patients with renal impairment had a shortened elimination half-life and decreased total AUC (free and bound). The AUC for free lansoprazole in plasma, however, was not related to the degree of renal impairment; and the Cmax and Tmax (time to reach the maximum concentration) were not different than the Cmax and Tmax from subjects with normal renal function. No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with renal impairment [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS (8.6)].

Hepatic Impairment

In patients with various degrees of chronic hepatic impairment, the mean plasma half-life of lansoprazole was prolonged from 1.5 hours to 3.2 to 7.2 hours. An increase in the mean AUC of up to 500% was observed at steady state in hepatically-impaired patients compared to healthy subjects. Consider dose reduction in patients with severe hepatic impairment [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS (8.7)].

Gender

In a study comparing 12 male and 6 female human subjects who received lansoprazole, no gender differences were found in pharmacokinetics and intragastric pH results [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS (8.8)].

Drug-Drug Interactions

Lansoprazole may interfere with the absorption of other drugs where gastric pH is an important determinant of bioavailability (e.g., ketoconazole, ampicillin esters, iron salts, digoxin).

Lansoprazole is metabolized through the cytochrome P450 system, specifically through the CYP3A and CYP2C19 isozymes. Studies have shown that lansoprazole does not have clinically significant interactions with other drugs metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system, such as warfarin, antipyrine, indomethacin, ibuprofen, phenytoin, propranolol, prednisone, diazepam, or clarithromycin in healthy subjects. These compounds are metabolized through various cytochrome P450 isozymes including CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A.

Atazanavir

Lansoprazole causes long-lasting inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Lansoprazole substantially decreases the systemic concentrations of the HIV protease inhibitor atazanavir, which is dependent upon the presence of gastric acid for absorption, and may result in a loss of therapeutic effect of atazanavir and the development of HIV resistance. Therefore, lansoprazole, or other proton pump inhibitors, should not be coadministered with atazanavir.

Theophylline

When lansoprazole was administered concomitantly with theophylline (CYP1A2, CYP3A), a minor increase (10%) in the clearance of theophylline was seen. Because of the small magnitude and the direction of the effect on theophylline clearance, this interaction is unlikely to be of clinical concern. Nonetheless, individual patients may require additional titration of their theophylline dosage when lansoprazole is started or stopped to ensure clinically effective blood levels.

Warfarin

In a study of healthy subjects neither the pharmacokinetics of warfarin enantiomers nor prothrombin time were affected following single or multiple 60 mg doses of lansoprazole. However, there have been reports of increased International Normalized Ratio (INR) and prothrombin time in patients receiving proton pump inhibitors, including lansoprazole, and warfarin concomitantly. Increases in INR and prothrombin time may lead to abnormal bleeding and even death. Patients treated with proton pump inhibitors and warfarin concomitantly may need to be monitored for increases in INR and prothrombin time.

Methotrexate and 7-hydromethotrexate

In an open-label, single-arm, eight day, pharmacokinetic study of 28 adult rheumatoid arthritis patients (who required the chronic use of 7.5 to 15 mg of methotrexate given weekly), administration of 7 days of naproxen 500 mg twice daily and lansoprazole 30 mg daily had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate. While this study was not designed to assess the safety of this combination of drugs, no major adverse reactions were noted. However, this study was conducted with low doses of methotrexate. A drug interaction study with high doses of methotrexate has not been conducted.

Amoxicillin

Lansoprazole has also been shown to have no clinically significant interaction with amoxicillin.

Sucralfate

In a single-dose crossover study examining lansoprazole 30 mg and omeprazole 20 mg each administered alone and concomitantly with sucralfate 1 gram, absorption of the proton pump inhibitors was delayed and their bioavailability was reduced by 17% and 16%, respectively, when administered concomitantly with sucralfate. Therefore, proton pump inhibitors should be taken at least 30 minutes prior to sucralfate. In clinical trials, antacids were administered concomitantly with lansoprazole and there was no evidence of a change in the efficacy of lansoprazole.

Clopidogrel

Clopidogrel is metabolized to its active metabolite in part by CYP2C19. A study of healthy subjects who were CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers, receiving once daily administration of clopidogrel 75 mg alone or concomitantly with lansoprazole 30 mg (n=40), for 9 days was conducted. The mean AUC of the active metabolite of clopidogrel was reduced by approximately 14 % (mean AUC ratio was 86 %, with 90 % CI of 80 to 92 %) when lansoprazole was coadministered compared to administration of clopidogrel alone. Pharmacodynamic parameters were also measured and demonstrated that the change in inhibition of platelet aggregation (induced by 5 mcM ADP) was related to the change in the exposure to clopidogrel active metabolite. The clinical significance of this finding is not clear.

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

In two 24 month carcinogenicity studies, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with oral lansoprazole doses of 5 to 150 mg/kg/day - about 1 to 40 times the exposure on a body surface (mg/m2 ) basis of a 50 kg person of average height [1.46 m2 body surface area (BSA)] given the recommended human dose of 30 mg/day. Lansoprazole produced dose-related gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and ECL cell carcinoids in both male and female rats. It also increased the incidence of intestinal metaplasia of the gastric epithelium in both sexes. In male rats, lansoprazole produced a dose-related increase of testicular interstitial cell adenomas. The incidence of these adenomas in rats receiving doses of 15 to 150 mg/kg/day (4 to 40 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) exceeded the low background incidence (range = 1.4 to 10%) for this strain of rat.

In a 24 month carcinogenicity study, CD-1 mice were treated with oral lansoprazole doses of 15 to 600 mg/kg/day, 2 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA. Lansoprazole produced a dose-related increased incidence of gastric ECL cell hyperplasia. It also produced an increased incidence of liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma plus carcinoma). The tumor incidences in male mice treated with 300 and 600 mg/kg/day (40 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) and female mice treated with 150 to 600 mg/kg/day (20 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) exceeded the ranges of background incidences in historical controls for this strain of mice. Lansoprazole treatment produced adenoma of rete testis in male mice receiving 75 to 600 mg/kg/day (10 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA).

A 26 week p53 (+/-) transgenic mouse carcinogenicity study was not positive.

Lansoprazole was positive in the Ames test and the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration assay. Lansoprazole was not genotoxic in the ex vivo rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) test, the in vivo mouse micronucleus test, or the rat bone marrow cell chromosomal aberration test.

Lansoprazole at oral doses up to 150 mg/kg/day (40 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) was found to have no effect on fertility and reproductive performance of male and female rats.

13.2 Animal Toxicology And/Or Pharmacology

Reproductive Toxicology Studies

Reproduction studies have been performed in pregnant rats at oral lansoprazole doses up to 150 mg/kg/day [40 times the recommended human dose (30 mg/day) based on body surface area (BSA)] and pregnant rabbits at oral lansoprazole doses up to 30 mg/kg/day (16 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to lansoprazole.

Duodenal Ulcer

In a U.S. multicenter, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, dose-response (15, 30, and 60 mg of lansoprazole once daily) study of 284 patients with endoscopically documented duodenal ulcer, the percentage of patients healed after two and four weeks was significantly higher with all doses of lansoprazole than with placebo. There was no evidence of a greater or earlier response with the two higher doses compared with lansoprazole 15 mg. Based on this study and the second study described below, the recommended dose of lansoprazole in duodenal ulcer is 15 mg per day (Table 7).

Table 7Duodenal Ulcer Healing Rates

	Lansoprazole			Placebo
*(p ≤ 0.001) versus placebo.
Week	15 mg daily (N=68)	30 mg daily (N=74)	60 mg daily (N=70)	(N=72)
2	42.4%*	35.6%*	39.1%*	11.3%
4	89.4%*	91.7%*	89.9%*	46.1%

Lansoprazole 15 mg was significantly more effective than placebo in relieving day and nighttime abdominal pain and in decreasing the amount of antacid taken per day.

In a second U.S. multicenter study, also doubleblind, placebo-controlled, dose-comparison (15 and 30 mg of lansoprazole once daily), and including a comparison with ranitidine, in 280 patients with endoscopically documented duodenal ulcer, the percentage of patients healed after four weeks was significantly higher with both doses of lansoprazole than with placebo. There was no evidence of a greater or earlier response with the higher dose of lansoprazole. Although the 15 mg dose of lansoprazole was superior to ranitidine at 4 weeks, the lack of significant difference at 2 weeks and the absence of a difference between 30 mg of lansoprazole and ranitidine leaves the comparative effectiveness of the two agents undetermined (Table 8) [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE (1.1)].

Table 8 Duodenal Ulcer Healing Rates

	Lansoprazole	Ranitidine	Placebo
*(p ≤ 0.05) versus placebo and ranitidine.†(p ≤ 0.05) versus placebo.
Week	15 mg daily (N=80)	30 mg daily (N=77)	300 mg h.s. (N=82)	(N=41)
2	35%	44.2%	30.5%	34.2%
4	92.3%*	80.3%†	70.5%†	47.5%

H. pylori Eradication to Reduce the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence

Randomized, doubleblind clinical studies performed in the U.S. in patients with H. pylori and duodenal ulcer disease (defined as an active ulcer or history of an ulcer within one year) evaluated the efficacy of lansoprazole in combination with amoxicillin capsules and clarithromycin tablets as triple 14 day therapy or in combination with amoxicillin capsules as dual 14 day therapy for the eradication of H. pylori. Based on the results of these studies, the safety and efficacy of two different eradication regimens were established:

Triple therapy: Lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily/amoxicillin 1 g twice daily/clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily

Dual therapy:Lansoprazole 30 mg three times daily/amoxicillin 1 g three times daily

All treatments were for 14 days. H. pylori eradication was defined as two negative tests (culture and histology) at 4 to 6 weeks following the end of treatment.

Triple therapy was shown to be more effective than all possible dual therapy combinations. Dual therapy was shown to be more effective than both monotherapies. Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence.

A randomized, doubleblind clinical study performed in the U.S. in patients with H. pylori and duodenal ulcer disease (defined as an active ulcer or history of an ulcer within one year) compared the efficacy of lansoprazole triple therapy for 10 and 14 days. This study established that the 10 day triple therapy was equivalent to the 14 day triple therapy in eradicating H. pylori (Tables 9 and 10) [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE (1.2)].

Table 9H. pylori Eradication Rates – Triple Therapy(lansoprazole/amoxicillin/clarithromycin) Percent of Patients Cured [95% Confidence Interval] (Number of patients)

Study	Duration	Triple Therapy Evaluable Analysis*	Triple Therapy Intent-to-Treat Analysis†
*Based on evaluable patients with confirmed duodenal ulcer (active or within one year) and H. pylori infection at baseline defined as at least two of three positive endoscopic tests from CLOtest®, histology and/or culture. Patients were included in the analysis if they completed the study. Additionally, if patients dropped out of the study due to an adverse event related to the study drug, they were included in the evaluable analysis as failures of therapy.
†Patients were included in the analysis if they had documented H. pylori infection at baseline as defined above and had a confirmed duodenal ulcer (active or within one year). All dropouts were included as failures of therapy.
‡(p < 0.05) versus lansoprazole/amoxicillin and lansoprazole/clarithromycin dual therapy.
§(p < 0.05) versus clarithromycin/amoxicillin dual therapy.
¶The 95% confidence interval for the difference in eradication rates, 10 day minus 14 day is (-10.5, 8.1) in the evaluable analysis and (-9.7, 9.1) in the intent-to-treat analysis.
M93 to 131	14 days	92‡ [80 to 97.7] (N=48)	86‡ [73.3 to 93.5] (N=55)
M95 to 392	14 days	86§ [75.7 to 93.6] (N=66)	83§ [72 to 90.8] (N=70)
M95 to 399¶	14 days	85 [77 to 91] (N=113)	82 [73.9 to 88.1] (N=126)
	10 days	84 [76 to 89.8] (N=123)	81 [73.9 to 87.6] (N=135)

Table 10H. pylori Eradication Rates – 14 Day Dual Therapy (lansoprazole/amoxicillin) Percent of Patients Cured [95% Confidence Interval] (Number of patients)

*Based on evaluable patients with confirmed duodenal ulcer (active or within one year) and H. pylori infection at baseline defined as at least two of three positive endoscopic tests from CLOtest ®, histology and/or culture. Patients were included in the analysis if they completed the study. Additionally, if patients dropped out of the study due to an adverse event related to the study drug, they were included in the analysis as failures of therapy.†Patients were included in the analysis if they had documented H. pylori infection at baseline as defined above and had a confirmed duodenal ulcer (active or within one year). All dropouts were included as failures of therapy.‡(p < 0.05) versus lansoprazole alone.§(p < 0.05) versus lansoprazole alone or amoxicillin alone.
Study	Dual Therapy Evaluable Analysis*	Dual Therapy Intent-to-Treat Analysis†
M93 to 131	77‡[62.5 to 87.2] (N=51)	70‡[56.8 to 81.2] (N=60)
M93 to 125	66§[51.9 to 77.5] (N=58)	61§[48.5 to 72.9] (N=67)

Long-Term Maintenance Treatment of Duodenal Ulcers

Lansoprazole has been shown to prevent the recurrence of duodenal ulcers. Two independent, doubleblind, multicenter, controlled trials were conducted in patients with endoscopically confirmed healed duodenal ulcers. Patients remained healed significantly longer and the number of recurrences of duodenal ulcers was significantly less in patients treated with lansoprazole than in patients treated with placebo over a 12 month period (Table 11) [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE (1.3)].

Table 11 Endoscopic Remission Rates

Trial	Drug	No. of Pts.	Percent in Endoscopic Remission
%=Life Table Estimate
*(p ≤ 0.001) versus placebo.
			0 to 3 mo.	0 to 6 mo.	0 to 12 mo.
#1	Lansoprazole 15 mg daily	86	90%*	87%*	84%*
	Placebo	83	49%	41%	39%
#2	Lansoprazole 30 mg daily	18	94%*	94%*	85%*
	Lansoprazole 15 mg daily	15	87%*	79%*	70%*
	Placebo	15	33%	0%	0%

In trial #2, no significant difference was noted between lansoprazole 15 mg and 30 mg in maintaining remission.

Gastric Ulcer

In a U.S. multicenter, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study of 253 patients with endoscopically documented gastric ulcer, the percentage of patients healed at four and eight weeks was significantly higher with lansoprazole 15 mg and 30 mg once a day than with placebo (Table 12) [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE (1.4)].

Table 12Gastric Ulcer Healing Rates

		Lansoprazole
Week	15 mg daily	30 mg daily	60 mg daily	Placebo
*(p ≤ 0.05) versus placebo.
	(N=65)	(N=63)	(N=61)	(N=64)
4	64.6%*	58.1%*	53.3%*	37.5%
8	92.2%*	96.8%*	93.2%*	76.7%

Patients treated with any lansoprazole dose reported significantly less day and night abdominal pain along with fewer days of antacid use and fewer antacid tablets used per day than the placebo group.

Independent substantiation of the effectiveness of lansoprazole 30 mg was provided by a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data.

Healing of NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer

In two U.S. and Canadian multicenter, doubleblind, active-controlled studies in patients with endoscopically confirmed NSAID-associated gastric ulcer who continued their NSAID use, the percentage of patients healed after 8 weeks was statistically significantly higher with 30 mg of lansoprazole than with the active control. A total of 711 patients were enrolled in the study, and 701 patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 18 to 88 years (median age 59 years), with 67% female patients and 33% male patients. Race was distributed as follows: 87% Caucasian, 8% Black, 5% Other. There was no statistically significant difference between lansoprazole 30 mg daily and the active control on symptom relief (i.e., abdominal pain) (Table 13) [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE (1.5)].

Table 13NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer Healing Rates *

*Actual observed ulcer(s) healed at time points ± 2 days†Dose for healing of gastric ulcer‡(p ≤ 0.05) versus the active control
Study #1
	Lansoprazole  30 mg daily	Active Control †
Week 4	60% (53/88) ‡	28% (23/83)
Week 8	79% (62/79) ‡	55% (41/74)
Study #2
	Lansoprazole 30 mg daily	Active Control†
Week 4	53% (40/75)	38% (31/82)
Week 8	77% (47/61) ‡	50% (33/66)

Risk Reduction of NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer

In one large U.S., multicenter, doubleblind, placebo- and misoprostol-controlled (misoprostol blinded only to the endoscopist) study in patients who required chronic use of an NSAID and who had a history of an endoscopically documented gastric ulcer, the proportion of patients remaining free from gastric ulcer at 4, 8, and 12 weeks was significantly higher with 15 or 30 mg of lansoprazole than placebo. A total of 537 patients were enrolled in the study, and 535 patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 23 to 89 years (median age 60 years), with 65% female patients and 35% male patients. Race was distributed as follows: 90% Caucasian, 6% Black, 4% other. The 30 mg dose of lansoprazole demonstrated no additional benefit in risk reduction of the NSAID-associated gastric ulcer than the 15 mg dose (Table 14) [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE (1.6)].

Table 14Proportion of Patients Remaining Free of Gastric Ulcers*

Week	Lansoprazole 15 mg daily (N=121)	Lansoprazole 30 mg daily (N=116)	Misoprostol 200 mcg four times daily (N=106)	Placebo (N=112)
*% = Life Table Estimate
(p < 0.001) lansoprazole 15 mg daily versus placebo; lansoprazole 30 mg daily versus placebo; and misoprostol 200 mcg four times daily versus placebo.
(p < 0.05) Misoprostol 200 mcg four times daily versus lansoprazole 15 mg daily; and misoprostol 200 mcg four times daily versus lansoprazole 30 mg daily.
4	90%	92%	96%	66%
8	86%	88%	95%	60%
12	80%	82%	93%	51%

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Symptomatic GERD

In a U.S. multicenter, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study of 214 patients with frequent GERD symptoms, but no esophageal erosions by endoscopy, significantly greater relief of heartburn associated with GERD was observed with the administration of lansoprazole 15 mg once daily up to 8 weeks than with placebo. No significant additional benefit from lansoprazole 30 mg once daily was observed.

The intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated significant reduction in frequency and severity of day and night heartburn. Data for frequency and severity for the 8 week treatment period are presented in Table 15 and in Figures 1 and 2:

Table 15Frequency of Heartburn

Variable	Placebo (n=43)	Lansoprazole 15 mg (n=80)	Lansoprazole 30 mg (n=86)
*(p < 0.01) versus placebo.
	Median
% of Days without Heartburn
Week 1	0%	71%*	46%*
Week 4	11%	81%*	76%*
Week 8	13%	84%*	82%*
% of Nights without Heartburn
Week 1	17%	86%*	57%*
Week 4	25%	89%*	73%*
Week 8	36%	92%*	80%*

Figure 1

Figure 2

In two U.S., multicenter doubleblind, ranitidine-controlled studies of 925 total patients with frequent GERD symptoms, but no esophageal erosions by endoscopy, lansoprazole 15 mg was superior to ranitidine 150 mg (twice daily) in decreasing the frequency and severity of day and night heartburn associated with GERD for the 8 week treatment period. No significant additional benefit from lansoprazole 30 mg once daily was observed [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE (1.7)].

Erosive Esophagitis

In a U.S. multicenter, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study of 269 patients entering with an endoscopic diagnosis of esophagitis with mucosal grading of 2 or more and grades 3 and 4 signifying erosive disease, the percentages of patients with healing are presented in Table 16:

Table 16 Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates

	Lansoprazole			Placebo
*(p ≤ 0.001) versus placebo.†(p ≤ 0.05) versus lansoprazole 15 mg.
	15 mg daily	30 mg daily	60 mg daily
Week	(N=69)	(N=65)	(N=72)	(N=63)
4	67.6%*	81.3% *†	80.6%*†	32.8%
6	87.7%*	95.4%*	94.3%*	52.5%
8	90.9%*	95.4%*	94.4%*	52.5%

In this study, all lansoprazole groups reported significantly greater relief of heartburn and less day and night abdominal pain along with fewer days of antacid use and fewer antacid tablets taken per day than the placebo group.

Although all doses were effective, the earlier healing in the higher two doses suggests 30 mg daily as the recommended dose.

Lansoprazole was also compared in a U.S. multicenter, doubleblind study to a low dose of ranitidine in 242 patients with erosive reflux esophagitis. Lansoprazole at a dose of 30 mg was significantly more effective than ranitidine 150 mg twice daily as shown below (Table 17).

Table 17Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates

Week	Lansoprazole 30 mg daily (N=115)	Ranitidine 150 mg twice daily (N=127)
*(p ≤ 0.001) versus ranitidine.
2	66.7%*	38.7%
4	82.5%*	52%
6	93%*	67.8%
8	92.1%*	69.9%

In addition, patients treated with lansoprazole reported less day and nighttime heartburn and took less antacid tablets for fewer days than patients taking ranitidine 150 mg twice daily.

Although this study demonstrates effectiveness of lansoprazole in healing erosive esophagitis, it does not represent an adequate comparison with ranitidine because the recommended ranitidine dose for esophagitis is 150 mg four times daily, twice the dose used in this study.

In the two trials described and in several smaller studies involving patients with moderate to severe erosive esophagitis, lansoprazole produced healing rates similar to those shown above.

In a U.S. multicenter, doubleblind, active-controlled study, 30 mg of lansoprazole was compared with ranitidine 150 mg twice daily in 151 patients with erosive reflux esophagitis that was poorly responsive to a minimum of 12 weeks of treatment with at least one H2-receptor antagonist given at the dose indicated for symptom relief or greater, namely, cimetidine 800 mg/day, ranitidine 300 mg/day, famotidine 40 mg/day or nizatidine 300 mg/day. Lansoprazole 30 mg was more effective than ranitidine 150 mg twice daily in healing reflux esophagitis, and the percentage of patients with healing were as follows. This study does not constitute a comparison of the effectiveness of histamine H2-receptor antagonists with lansoprazole, as all patients had demonstrated unresponsiveness to the histamine H2-receptor antagonist mode of treatment. It does indicate, however, that lansoprazole may be useful in patients failing on a histamine H2-receptor antagonist (Table 18) [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE (1.7)].

Table 18Reflux Esophagitis Healing Rates in Patients Poorly Responsive to Histamine H2-Receptor Antagonist Therapy

Week	Lansoprazole 30 mg daily (N=100)	Ranitidine 150 mg twice daily (N=51)
*(p ≤ 0.001) versus ranitidine.
4 8	74.7%* 83.7%*	42.6% 32%

Long-Term Maintenance Treatment of Erosive Esophagitis

Two independent, doubleblind, multicenter, controlled trials were conducted in patients with endoscopically confirmed healed esophagitis. Patients remained in remission significantly longer and the number of recurrences of erosive esophagitis was significantly less in patients treated with lansoprazole than in patients treated with placebo over a 12 month period (Table 19)

Table 19 Endoscopic Remission Rates

			Percent in Endoscopic Remission
%=Life Table Estimate
*(p ≤ 0.001) versus placebo.
Trial	Drug	No. of Pts.	0 to 3 mo.	0 to 6 mo.	0 to 12 mo.
#1	Lansoprazole 15 mg daily	59	83%*	81%*	79%*
	Lansoprazole 30 mg daily	56	93%*	93%*	90%*
	Placebo	55	31%	27%	24%
#2	Lansoprazole 15 mg daily	50	74%*	72%*	67%*
	Lansoprazole 30 mg daily	49	75%*	72%*	55%*
	Placebo	47	16%	13%	13%

Regardless of initial grade of erosive esophagitis, lansoprazole 15 mg and 30 mg were similar in maintaining remission.

In a U.S., randomized, doubleblind, study, lansoprazole 15 mg daily (n = 100) was compared with ranitidine 150 mg twice daily (n = 106), at the recommended dosage, in patients with endoscopically-proven healed erosive esophagitis over a 12 month period. Treatment with lansoprazole resulted in patients remaining healed (Grade 0 lesions) of erosive esophagitis for significantly longer periods of time than those treated with ranitidine (p < 0.001). In addition, lansoprazole was significantly more effective than ranitidine in providing complete relief of both daytime and nighttime heartburn. Patients treated with lansoprazole remained asymptomatic for a significantly longer period of time than patients treated with ranitidine [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE (1.8)].

Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

In open studies of 57 patients with pathological hypersecretory conditions, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) with or without multiple endocrine adenomas, lansoprazole significantly inhibited gastric acid secretion and controlled associated symptoms of diarrhea, anorexia and pain. Doses ranging from 15 mg every other day to 180 mg per day maintained basal acid secretion below 10 mEq/hr in patients without prior gastric surgery and below 5 mEq/hr in patients with prior gastric surgery.

Initial doses were titrated to the individual patient need, and adjustments were necessary with time in some patients [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2.1)].  Lansoprazole was well tolerated at these high dose levels for prolonged periods (greater than four years in some patients). In most ZES patients, serum gastrin levels were not modified by lansoprazole. However, in some patients, serum gastrin increased to levels greater than those present prior to initiation of lansoprazole therapy [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE (1.9)]. 

• National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Summary Minutes, Subcommittee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Tampa, FL, January 11 to 13, 1998. 

[See FDA-Approved Medication Guide and Patient Instructions for Use]

Patient should be informed of the following:

• Advise patients to immediately report and seek care for diarrhea that does not improve. This may be a sign of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.2)] . 
• Advise patients to immediately report and seek care for any cardiovascular or neurological symptoms including palpitations, dizziness, seizures, and tetany as these may be signs of hypomagnesemia [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.4) ].

Information for Patients

Lansoprazole is available as a capsules 15 mg and 30 mg strengths. Direction for use specific to the route and available methods of administration of this dosage form is presented below [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2.3)].

• Lansoprazole should be taken before eating.
• Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules SHOULD NOT BE CRUSHED OR CHEWED.

Administration Options

Lansoprazole Delayed-release Capsules – Oral Administration

• Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules should be swallowed whole.
• Alternatively, for patients who have difficulty swallowing capsules, lansoprazole delayed-release capsules can be opened and administered as follows:

      о   Open capsule.

      о   Sprinkle intact granules on one tablespoon of either applesauce, ENSURE pudding, cottage cheese, yogurt or strained pears.

      о   Swallow immediately.

• Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules may also be emptied into a small volume of either apple juice, orange juice or tomato juice and administered as follows:

      о   Open capsule.

      о   Sprinkle intact granules into a small volume of either apple juice, orange juice or tomato juice (60 mL – approximately 2 ounces).

      о   Mix briefly.

      о   Swallow immediately.

      о   To ensure complete delivery of the dose, the glass should be rinsed with two or more volumes of juice and the contents swallowed immediately.

Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules - Nasogastric Tube (≥ 16 French) Administration

• For patients who have a nasogastric tube in place, lansoprazole delayed-release capsules can be administered as follows:

      о Open capsule.

      о Mix intact granules into 40 mL of apple juice. DO NOT USE OTHER LIQUIDS.

      о Inject through the nasogastric tube into the stomach.

      о Flush with additional apple juice to clear the tube.

USE IN OTHER FOODS AND LIQUIDS HAS NOT BEEN STUDIED CLINICALLY AND IS THEREFORE NOT RECOMMENDED.

MEDICATION GUIDE

Lansoprazole

(lan-SO-pruh-zole)

Delayed-release Capsules, USP

Read this Medication Guide before you start taking lansoprazole delayed-release capsules and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking to your doctor about your medical condition or your treatment.

What is the most important information that I should know about lansoprazole delayed-release capsules?

Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules may help your acid-related symptoms, but you could still have serious stomach problems. Talk with your doctor.

Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules can cause serious side effects, including:

•  Diarrhea. Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules may increase your risk of getting severe diarrhea. This diarrhea may be caused by an infection (Clostridium difficile ) in your intestines. Call your doctor right away if you have watery stool, stomach pain, and fever that does not go away.
•  Bone fractures. People who take multiple daily doses of proton pump inhibitor medicines for a long period of time (a year or longer) may have an increased risk of fractures of the hip, wrist or spine. You should take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules exactly as prescribed, at the lowest dose possible for your treatment and for the shortest time needed. Talk to your doctor about your risk of bone fracture if you take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules.

Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules can have other serious side effects. See "What are the possible side effects of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules?"

What is lansoprazole delayed-release capsule?

Lansoprazole delayed-release capsule is a prescription medicine called a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Lansoprazole delayed-release capsule reduces the amount of acid in your stomach.

Lansoprazole delayed-release capsule is used in adults:

• for 4 weeks for the healing and symptom relief of duodenal ulcers. The duodenal area is the area where food passes when it leaves the stomach.
• with certain antibiotics to treat an infection called H. pylori. Sometimes H. pylori bacteria can cause duodenal ulcers. The infection needs to be treated to prevent ulcers from coming back.
• for continued healing of duodenal ulcers.
• for up to 8 weeks to heal stomach ulcers.
• for up to 8 weeks to heal stomach ulcers in some people taking pain medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
• for reducing the risk of stomach ulcers in some people taking NSAIDs.
• for up to 8 weeks for the relief of heartburn and other symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

GERD happens when acid in your stomach backs up into the tube (esophagus) that connects your mouth to your stomach. This may cause a burning feeling in your chest or throat, sour taste or burping.

• for 8 weeks to heal the acid-related damage to the lining of the esophagus (called erosive esophagitis) and to relieve symptoms. If needed, your doctor may prescribe another 8 weeks of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules.
• for continued healing of erosive esophagitis.
• for the long-term treatment of conditions where your stomach makes too much acid. This includes a condition called Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Lansoprazole delayed-release capsule is used in children and adolescents (ages 1 to 17):

• for up to 12 weeks to treat GERD and erosive esophagitis in children 1 to 11 years old.
• for up to 8 weeks to treat GERD and erosive esophagitis in adolescents 12 to 17 years old.

Lansoprazole delayed-release capsule is not effective for symptoms of GERD in children under the age of 1 year.

Who should not take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules?

• Do not take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules if you are allergic to lansoprazole or any of the other ingredients in lansoprazole delayed-release capsules. See the end of this Medication Guide for a complete list of ingredients in lansoprazole delayed release capsules.

What should I tell my doctor before taking lansoprazole delayed-release capsules?

Before you take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules, tell your doctor if you:

• have been told that you have low magnesium levels in your blood.
• have liver problems
• have any other medical conditions
• are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if lansoprazole delayedrelease capsules will harm your unborn baby.
• are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if lansoprazole passes into your breast milk. You and your doctor should decide if you will take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules or breastfeed. You should not do both. Talk to your doctor about the best way to feed your baby if you take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules.

Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take, including prescription and nonprescription drugs, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules may affect how other medicines work, and other medicines may affect how lansoprazole delayed-release capsules work.

Especially tell your doctor if you take:

• atazanavir (Reyataz®$)
• erlotinib (Tarceva®$)
• digoxin (Lanoxin®$)
• a product that contains iron
• ketoconazole (Nizoral®$)
• warfarin (Coumadin®$, Jantoven®$)
• tacrolimus (Prograf®$)
• theophylline (Theo-24®$, Elixophyllin®$, Theochron®$, Theolair®$)
• an antibiotic that contains ampicillin or clarithromycin
• methotrexate
• mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcept®$)

Ask your doctor or pharmacist for a list of these medicines if you are not sure.

Know the medicines that you take. Keep a list of them to show your doctor and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.

How should I take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules?

• Take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules exactly as prescribed by your doctor.
• Do not change your dose or stop taking lansoprazole delayed-release capsules without talking to your doctor.
• You should take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules before eating.
•  Lansoprazole Delayed-Release Capsules: 

      о   You should swallow lansoprazole delayed-release capsules whole.

      о  Do not crush or chew lansoprazole delayed-release capsules.

      о   If you have trouble swallowing a whole capsule, you can open the capsule and take the contents with certain foods or juices. See "Patient Instructions for Use" at the end of this leaflet for instructions on how to take lansoprazole capsules with certain foods and juices.

      о   See "Patient Instructions for Use" at the end of this leaflet for instructions on how to mix and give lansoprazole capsules through a nasogastric tube.

• If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose. Just take the next dose at your regular time. Do not take 2 doses at the same time.
• If you take too much lansoprazole, call your doctor right away.

What are the possible side effects of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules?

Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules can cause serious side effects, including:

• See "What is the most important information that I should know about lansoprazole delayed-release capsules?"
• Vitamin B12 deficiency. Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules reduce the amount of acid in your stomach. Stomach acid is needed to absorb vitamin B12 properly. Talk with your doctor about the possibility of vitamin B12 deficiency if you have been on lansoprazole delayed-release capsules for a long time (more than 3 years).
• Low magnesium levels in your body. This problem can be serious. Low magnesium can happen in some people who take a proton pump inhibitor medicine for at least 3 months. If low magnesium levels happen, it is usually after a year of treatment. You may or may not have symptoms of low magnesium.

Tell your doctor right away if you develop any of these symptoms:

• seizures
• dizziness
• abnormal or fast heartbeat
• jitteriness
• jerking movements or shaking (tremors)
• muscle weakness
• spasms of the hands and feet
• cramps or muscle aches
• spasm of the voice box

Your doctor may check the level of magnesium in your body before you start taking lansoprazole delayed-release capsules, or during treatment; if you will be taking lansoprazole delayed-release capsules for a long period of time. The most common side effects of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules in adults and children include:

• diarrhea
• stomach pain
• nausea
• constipation
• headache

Other side effects:

•  Serious allergic reactions. Tell your doctor if you get any of the following symptoms with lansoprazole delayed-release capsules.
• rash
• face swelling
• throat tightness
• difficulty breathing

Your doctor may stop lansoprazole delayed-release capsules if these symptoms happen.

Tell your doctor if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.

These are not all the possible side effects of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules. For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

How should I store lansoprazole delayed-release capsules?

• Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) Protect from moisture.
• Dispense in a tight container.

Keep lansoprazole delayed-release capsules and all medicines out of the reach of children.

General information about lansoprazole delayed-release capsules

Medicines are sometimes prescribed for conditions other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use lansoprazole delayed-release capsules for conditions for which it was not prescribed. Do not give lansoprazole delayed-release capsules to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. It may harm them.

This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about lansoprazole delayed-release capsules. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your doctor or pharmacist for information about lansoprazole delayed-release capsules that is written for healthcare professionals.

Please address medical inquiries to, ([email protected]) Tel.: 1-877-993-8779.

What are the ingredients in Lansoprazole Delayed-release Capsules?

Active ingredient: lansoprazole, USP

Inactive ingredients:

Corn starch, D&C red # 28, FD&C blue # 1, FD&C red # 40, gelatin, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, magnesium carbonate heavy powder, methacrylic acid copolymer dispersion, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, sucrose, sugar spheres, talc and titanium dioxide. The capsule shell is printed with black pharmaceutical ink which contains following ingredients: black iron oxide, butyl alcohol, dehydrated alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, potassium hydroxide, propylene glycol, purified water, shellac and strong ammonia solution.

This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Instructions for Use

Lansoprazole Delayed-release Capsules, USP

• Swallow lansoprazole delayed-release capsules whole. Do not crush or chew them.
• You should take lansoprazole before eating.
• Lansoprazole Delayed-release Capsule with certain food

You can only use applesauce, ENSURE pudding, cottage cheese, yogurt or strained pears.

• Open the capsule.
• Sprinkle the granules on 1 tablespoon of either applesauce, ENSURE pudding, cottage cheese, yogurt or strained pears.
• Swallow right away.
• Lansoprazole Delayed-release Capsule with certain juices

You can only use apple juice, orange juice or tomato juice.

• Open the capsule.
• Sprinkle the granules into 60 mL (about ¼ cup) of either apple juice, orange juice or tomato juice.
• Stir.
• Swallow right away.
• To make sure that the entire dose is taken, rinse the glass with 1/2 cup or more of juice to get out any leftover granules. Swallow the juice right away.

Lansoprazole Delayed-release Capsules through a nasogastric tube (NG tube) 16 French or larger, as prescribed by your doctor

You can only use apple juice.

• Open the capsule and empty the granules into a syringe.
• Do not break or crush the granules.
• Mix with 40 mL of apple juice. Do not use other liquids.
• Attach the syringe to the NG tube and give the medicine in the syringe through the NG tube into the stomach.
• After giving the granules, flush the NG tube with more apple juice to clear the tube.

Lansoprazole should not be used in foods or liquids not listed above.

How should I store lansoprazole?

• Store at 20ο to 25οC (68ο to 77οF) Protect from moisture.
• Dispense in a tight container.

Keep lansoprazole and all medicines out of the reach of children.

This Instruction for Use has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

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This product's package insert may have been updated. For current package insert, please visit www.zydususa.com.