Treatment of gBRCAm HER2-negative Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer
EMBRACA
The safety of TALZENNA as monotherapy was evaluated in gBRCAm patients with HER2-negative locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer who had previously received no more than 3 lines of chemotherapy for the treatment of locally advanced/metastatic disease. EMBRACA was a randomized, open-label, multi-center study in which 412 patients received either TALZENNA 1 mg once daily (n=286) or a chemotherapy agent (capecitabine, eribulin, gemcitabine, or vinorelbine) of the healthcare provider's choice (n=126) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The median duration of study treatment was 6.1 months in patients who received TALZENNA and 3.9 months in patients who received chemotherapy. Dosing interruptions due to an adverse reaction of any grade occurred in 65% of patients receiving TALZENNA and 50% of those receiving chemotherapy; dose reductions due to any cause occurred in 53% of TALZENNA patients and 40% of chemotherapy patients. Permanent discontinuation due to adverse reactions occurred in 5% of TALZENNA patients and 6% chemotherapy patients.
Table 3 and Table 4 summarize the most common adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities, respectively, in patients treated with TALZENNA or chemotherapy in the EMBRACA study.
Table 3. Adverse Reactions (in ≥20% of Patients Receiving TALZENNA) in EMBRACA | TALZENNA N=286 (%) | Chemotherapy N=126 (%) |
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| Adverse Reactions | Grades 1–4 | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | Grades 1–4 | Grade 3 | Grade 4 |
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| Abbreviations: AR=adverse reaction; CTCAE=Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events; NCI=National Cancer Institute; N=number of patients. |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders |
| Anemia | 53 | 38 | 1 | 18 | 4 | 1 |
| Neutropenia | 35 | 18 | 3 | 43 | 20 | 16 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 27 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 2 | 0 |
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders |
| Decreased appetite | 21 | <1 | 0 | 22 | 1 | 0 |
| Nervous system disorders |
| Headache | 33 | 2 | 0 | 22 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastrointestinal disorders |
| Nausea | 49 | <1 | 0 | 47 | 2 | 0 |
| Vomiting | 25 | 2 | 0 | 23 | 2 | 0 |
| Diarrhea | 22 | 1 | 0 | 26 | 6 | 0 |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders |
| Alopecia | 25 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 0 |
| General disorders and administration site conditions |
| Fatigue | 62 | 3 | 0 | 50 | 5 | 0 |
The following adverse reactions have been identified in <20% of the 286 patients receiving TALZENNA, and thus were not included in Table 3: abdominal pain (19%), dizziness (17%), leukopenia (17%), dysgeusia (10%), dyspepsia (10%), stomatitis (8%), and lymphopenia (7%).
Table 4 Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in ≥25% of Patients in EMBRACA | EMBRACA Study |
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| TALZENNA N=286 (%) | Chemotherapy N=126 (%) |
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| Parameter | Grades 1–4 | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | Grades 1–4 | Grade 3 | Grade 4 |
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| Abbreviation: N=number of patients. |
| Decrease in hemoglobin | 90 | 39 | 0 | 77 | 6 | 0 |
| Decrease in leukocytes | 84 | 14 | 0.3 | 73 | 22 | 2 |
| Decrease in neutrophils | 68 | 17 | 3 | 70 | 21 | 17 |
| Decrease in lymphocytes | 76 | 17 | 0.7 | 53 | 8 | 0.8 |
| Decrease in platelets | 55 | 11 | 4 | 29 | 2 | 0 |
| Increase in glucose | 54 | 2 | 0 | 51 | 2 | 0 |
| Increase in aspartate aminotransferase | 37 | 2 | 0 | 48 | 3 | 0 |
| Increase in alkaline phosphatase | 36 | 2 | 0 | 34 | 2 | 0 |
| Increase in alanine aminotransferase | 33 | 1 | 0 | 37 | 2 | 0 |
| Decrease in calcium | 28 | 1 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 |
Effect of P-gp Inhibitors
Coadministration with P-gp inhibitors may increase talazoparib exposure.
In the clinical studies, coadministration with P-gp inhibitors including amiodarone, carvedilol, clarithromycin, itraconazole, and verapamil resulted in an approximate 45% increase in talazoparib exposure and an increase in the rate of TALZENNA dose reduction. If coadministration of TALZENNA with these P-gp inhibitors cannot be avoided, reduce the TALZENNA dose [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)]. When the P-gp inhibitor is discontinued, increase the TALZENNA dose (after 3–5 half-lives of the inhibitor) to the dose used prior to the initiation of the P-gp inhibitor [see Dosage and Administration (2.5), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
When coadministering TALZENNA with P-gp inhibitors not listed above, monitor patients for potential increased adverse reactions [see Dosage and Administration (2.5), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Effect of BCRP inhibitors
Coadministration with BCRP inhibitors may increase talazoparib exposure. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor patients for potential increased adverse reactions when coadministering [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Risk Summary
Based on findings from animal studies and its mechanism of action [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.1)], TALZENNA can cause embryo-fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. There are no available data on TALZENNA use in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk. In an animal reproduction study, the administration of talazoparib to pregnant rats during the period of organogenesis caused fetal malformations and structural skeletal variations and embryo-fetal death at maternal exposures that were 0.24 times the AUC in patients receiving the recommended dose of 1 mg daily (see Data). Apprise pregnant women and females of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus.
The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the general U.S. population, the estimated background risks of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies are 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.
Data
Animal Data
In an embryo-fetal development toxicity study, pregnant rats received oral doses of 0.015, 0.05, and 0.15 mg/kg/day talazoparib during the period of organogenesis. Talazoparib caused embryo-fetal death at doses ≥0.015 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.24 times the AUC in patients at the recommended dose). A dose of 0.015 mg/kg/day caused decreased fetal body weights and an increased incidence of fetal malformations (depressed eye bulge, small eye, split sternebra, and fused cervical vertebral arch) and structural variations including misshapen or incomplete ossification of the sternebra, skull, rib, and vertebra.
Risk Summary
There are no data on the presence of talazoparib in human milk, the effects of the drug on milk production, or the effects of the drug on the breastfed child. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in a breastfed child from talazoparib, advise lactating women not to breastfeed during treatment with TALZENNA and for at least 1 month after the final dose.
Pregnancy Testing
A pregnancy test is recommended for females of reproductive potential prior to initiating TALZENNA treatment.
Contraception
Females
TALZENNA can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant women [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)]. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment and for at least 7 months following the last dose of TALZENNA.
Males
Based on genotoxicity and animal reproduction studies, advise male patients with female partners of reproductive potential and pregnant partners to use effective contraception during treatment with TALZENNA and for at least 4 months following the last dose [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1), Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].
Infertility
Males
Based on animal studies, TALZENNA may impair fertility in males of reproductive potential [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].
Cardiac Electrophysiology
The effect of talazoparib on cardiac repolarization was evaluated in 37 patients with advanced solid tumors. Talazoparib had no large QTc prolongation (i.e., >20 ms) at the recommended dose.
Absorption
Following oral administration of talazoparib, the median time to Cmax (Tmax) was generally between 1 to 2 hours after dosing.
Food Effect
Following a single oral dose of 0.5 mg TALZENNA with high-fat, high-calorie food (approximately 800 to 1000 calories with 150, 250, and 500 to 600 calories from protein, carbohydrate, and fat, respectively), the mean Cmax of talazoparib was decreased by 46%, the median Tmax was delayed from 1 to 4 hours, and AUCinf was not affected.
Distribution
The mean apparent volume of distribution of talazoparib is 420 L. In vitro, protein binding of talazoparib is 74% and is independent of talazoparib concentration.
Elimination
The mean terminal plasma half-life (±standard deviation) of talazoparib is 90 (±58) hours, and the mean apparent oral clearance (inter-subject variability) is 6.45 L/h (31.1%) in cancer patients.
Metabolism
Talazoparib undergoes minimal hepatic metabolism. The identified metabolic pathways of talazoparib in humans include mono-oxidation, dehydrogenation, cysteine conjugation of mono-desfluoro-talazoparib, and glucuronide conjugation.
Excretion
Excretion of talazoparib in urine was the major route of elimination. Approximately 68.7% (54.6% unchanged) of the total administered radioactive dose [14C]talazoparib was recovered in urine, and 19.7% (13.6% unchanged) was recovered in feces.
Specific Populations
Age (18 to 88 years), sex, race (361 White, 41 Asian, 16 Black, 9 Others, and 63 Not Reported), and body weight (36 to 162 kg) had no clinically relevant effect on the PK of talazoparib.
Pediatric Patients
The pharmacokinetics of talazoparib have not been evaluated in patients <18 years of age.
Patients with Renal Impairment
Talazoparib CL/F was decreased by 14.4% in patients with mild renal impairment (CLcr 60 – 89 mL/min) and 37.1% in patients with moderate renal impairment (CLcr 30 – 59 mL/min), when compared to patients with normal renal function (CLcr ≥ 90 mL/min). The PK of talazoparib have not been studied in patients with severe renal impairment (CLcr < 30 mL/min) or in patients requiring hemodialysis.
Patients with Hepatic Impairment
Mild hepatic impairment (total bilirubin ≤1.0 × ULN and AST > ULN, or total bilirubin >1.0 to 1.5 × ULN and any AST) had no effect on the PK of talazoparib. The PK of talazoparib have not been studied in patients with moderate (total bilirubin >1.5 to 3.0 × ULN and any AST) or severe hepatic impairment (total bilirubin >3.0 × ULN and any AST).
Drug Interaction Studies
Effect of Other Drugs on Talazoparib
Effect of P-gp inhibitors: Coadministration with P-gp inhibitors including amiodarone, carvedilol, clarithromycin, itraconazole, and verapamil in clinical studies increased talazoparib exposure by 45% [see Dosage and Administration (2.5), Drug Interactions (7.1)].
Coadministration with P-gp inhibitors including azithromycin, atorvastatin, diltiazem, felodipine, fluvoxamine, and quercetin in clinical studies increased talazoparib exposure by 8% [see Dosage and Administration (2.5), Drug Interactions (7)].
Effect of P-gp inducers: The effect of P-gp inducers on PK of talazoparib has not been studied.
Effect of BCRP inhibitors: The effect of BCRP inhibitors on PK of talazoparib has not been studied. Coadministration with BCRP inhibitors may increase talazoparib exposure [see Drug Interactions (7)].
Effect of acid-reducing agents on talazoparib: Coadministration of acid-reducing agents including proton pump inhibitors (PPI), histamine receptor 2 antagonists (H2RA), or other acid reducing agents has no effect on the absorption of talazoparib.
In Vitro Studies
Talazoparib is a substrate of P-gp and BCRP transporters.
Talazoparib is not a substrate of organic anion transporting polypeptide [OATP]1B1, OATP1B3, organic cationic transporter [OCT]1, OCT2, organic anion transporter [OAT]1, OAT3, bile salt export pump [BSEP], multidrug and toxin extrusion [MATE]1, and MATE2-K.
Talazoparib is not an inhibitor of cytochrome (CYP)1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4/5, or inducer of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, or CYP3A4.
Talazoparib is not an inhibitor of transporters including P-gp, BCRP, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT1, OCT2, OAT1, OAT3, BSEP, MATE1, and MATE2-K.
Talazoparib is not an inhibitor of uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms (1A1, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9, 2B7, and 2B15).
EMBRACA Study (NCT01945775)
Deleterious or Suspected Deleterious Germline BRCA-mutated (gBRCAm) HER2-negative Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer
EMBRACA (NCT01945775) was an open-label study in which patients (N=431) with gBRCAm HER2-negative locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer were randomized 2:1 to receive TALZENNA 1 mg or healthcare provider's choice of chemotherapy (capecitabine, eribulin, gemcitabine, or vinorelbine) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Randomization was stratified by prior use of chemotherapy for metastatic disease (0 versus 1, 2, or 3), by triple-negative disease status (triple-negative breast cancer [TNBC] versus non-TNBC), and history of central nervous system (CNS) metastasis (yes versus no).
Patients received no more than 3 prior cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens for their metastatic or locally advanced disease. Patients were required to have received treatment with an anthracycline and/or a taxane (unless contraindicated) in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and/or metastatic treatment setting. First-line treatment for advanced or metastatic disease with no prior adjuvant chemotherapy was allowed if the investigator determined that 1 of the 4 chemotherapy choices in the control arm would be an appropriate treatment option for the patient. Patients with prior platinum therapy for advanced disease were required to have no evidence of disease progression during platinum therapy. No prior treatment with a PARP inhibitor was permitted. Of the 431 patients randomized in the EMBRACA study, 408 (95%) were centrally confirmed to have a deleterious or suspected deleterious gBRCAm using a clinical trial assay; out of which 354 (82%) were confirmed using the BRACAnalysis CDx®. BRCA mutation status (breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 [BRCA1] positive or breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 [BRCA2] positive) was similar across both treatment arms.
The median age of patients treated with TALZENNA was 45 years (range 27 to 84) and 50 years (range 24 to 88) among patients treated with chemotherapy. Among all randomized patients, 1% versus 2% were males, 67% versus 75% were White; 11% versus 11% were Asian, and 4% versus 1% were Black or African American in the TALZENNA and chemotherapy arms, respectively. Almost all patients (98%) in both arms had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1. Approximately 56% of patients had estrogen receptor-positive and/or progesterone receptor-positive disease; 44% of patients had triple-negative disease, and the proportions were balanced across both treatment arms. Fifteen percent (15%) of patients in the TALZENNA arm and 14% of patients in the chemotherapy arm had a history of CNS metastases. Ninety-one percent (91%) of patients in the TALZENNA arm had received prior taxane therapy, and 85% had received prior anthracycline therapy in any setting. Sixteen percent (16%) of patients in the TALZENNA arm and 21% of patients in the chemotherapy arm had received prior platinum treatment in any setting. The median number of prior cytotoxic regimens for patients with advanced breast cancer was one; 38% received no prior cytotoxic regimens for advanced or metastatic disease, 37% received one, 20% received two, and 5% received three or more prior cytotoxic regimens.
The major efficacy outcome measure was progression-free survival (PFS) evaluated according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1, as assessed by blinded independent central review (BICR). A statistically significant improvement in PFS was demonstrated for TALZENNA compared with chemotherapy. A sensitivity analysis of investigator-assessed PFS was consistent with the BICR-assessed PFS results. Consistent PFS results were observed across patient subgroups defined by study stratification factors (line of therapy, TNBC status, and history of CNS metastases). The overall survival (OS) data were not mature at the time of the final PFS analysis (38% of patients had died). Efficacy data from the EMBRACA study are summarized in Table 5, and the Kaplan-Meier curves for PFS are shown in Figure 1.
Table 5. Summary of Efficacy Results – EMBRACA Study | TALZENNA | Chemotherapy |
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| Abbreviations: BICR=blinded independent central review; CI=confidence interval. |
| Progression-Free Survival by BICR | N=287 | N=144 |
| Events, number (%) | 186 (65) | 83 (58) |
| Median months (95% CI) | 8.6 (7.2, 9.3) | 5.6 (4.2, 6.7) |
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | 0.54 (0.41, 0.71) |
| p-value | p<0.0001 |
| Patients with Measurable Disease by Investigator | N=219 | N=114 |
| Objective Response Rate, % (95% CI) | 50.2 (43.4, 57.0) | 18.4 (11.8, 26.8) |
| Duration of Response Median months (95% CI) | 6.4 (5.4, 9.5) | 3.9 (3.0, 7.6) |
Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier Curves of PFS – EMBRACA Study
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LAB-1271-1.0