Efavirenz, Emtricitabine And Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Tablet, Film Coated
FDA Label NDC 65862-497

Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been reported in patients who are coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV and have discontinued products containing emtricitabine (FTC) and/or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), which are components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

Closely monitor hepatic function with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months in patients who are coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV and discontinue efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. If appropriate, initiation of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted  [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are indicated as a complete regimen or in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults and pediatric patients weighing at least 40 kg.

Prior to or when initiating efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets, test patients for hepatitis B virus infection [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Prior to initiation and during use of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets, on a clinically appropriate schedule, assess serum creatinine, estimated creatinine clearance, urine glucose and urine protein in all patients. In patients with chronic kidney disease, also assess serum phosphorus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].

Monitor hepatic function prior to and during treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]. 

Perform pregnancy testing before initiation of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are in adolescents and adults of childbearing potential [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8), Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)].

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablet is a three-drug fixed-dose combination product containing 600 mg of efavirenz (EFV), 200 mg of emtricitabine (FTC), and 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). The recommended dosage of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets in adults and pediatric patients weighing at least 40 kg is one tablet once daily taken orally on an empty stomach. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of nervous system symptoms [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are not recommended in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7), Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are not recommended in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B or C) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) and Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].

If efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are co-administered with rifampin in patients weighing 50 kg or more, take one tablet of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate once daily followed by one additional 200 mg per day of efavirenz [see Drug Interactions (7.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are white to off-white, oval shaped, biconvex, film-coated tablets debossed with “I48” on one side and plain on the other side. Each tablet contains 600 mg of efavirenz, 200 mg of emtricitabine, and 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (equivalent to 245 mg of tenofovir disoproxil).

• Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are contraindicated in patients with previously demonstrated clinically significant hypersensitivity (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, or toxic skin eruptions) to efavirenz, a component of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
• Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are contraindicated to be coadministered with voriconazole or elbasvir/grazoprevir [see Drug Interactions (7.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

All patients should be tested for the presence of chronic HBV before or when initiating antiretroviral therapy [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)]. Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B (e.g., liver decompensation and liver failure) have been reported in patients who are coinfected with HBV and HIV-1 and have discontinued FTC or TDF, two of the components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Patients who are coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV should be closely monitored, with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months after stopping treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. If appropriate, initiation of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted, especially in patients with advanced liver disease or cirrhosis, since posttreatment exacerbation of hepatitis may lead to hepatic decompensation and liver failure.

In controlled clinical trials, 26% (266/1,008) of adult subjects treated with 600 mg EFV experienced new-onset skin rash compared with 17% (111/635) of those treated in control groups. Rash associated with blistering, moist desquamation, or ulceration occurred in 0.9% (9/1,008) of subjects treated with EFV. The incidence of Grade 4 rash (e.g., erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome) in adult subjects treated with EFV in all trials and expanded access was 0.1%. Rashes are usually mild-to-moderate maculopapular skin eruptions that occur within the first 2 weeks of initiating therapy with EFV (median time to onset of rash in adults was 11 days) and, in most subjects continuing therapy with EFV, rash resolves within 1 month (median duration, 16 days). The discontinuation rate for rash in adult clinical trials was 1.7% (17/1,008). Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate  can be reinitiated in patients interrupting therapy because of rash. Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate  should be discontinued in patients developing severe rash associated with blistering, desquamation, mucosal involvement, or fever. Appropriate antihistamines and/or corticosteroids may improve the tolerability and hasten the resolution of rash. For patients who have had a life-threatening cutaneous reaction (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome), alternative therapy should be considered [see Contraindications (4)].

Experience with EFV in subjects who discontinued other antiretroviral agents of the NNRTI class is limited. Nineteen subjects who discontinued nevirapine because of rash have been treated with EFV. Nine of these subjects developed mild-to-moderate rash while receiving therapy with EFV, and two of these subjects discontinued because of rash.

Rash was reported in 59 of 182 pediatric subjects (32%) treated with EFV [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Two pediatric subjects experienced Grade 3 rash (confluent rash with fever, generalized rash), and four subjects had Grade 4 rash (erythema multiforme). The median time to onset of rash in pediatric subjects was 28 days (range 3 to 1,642 days). Prophylaxis with appropriate antihistamines before initiating therapy with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pediatric patients should be considered.

Postmarketing cases of hepatitis, including fulminant hepatitis progressing to liver failure requiring transplantation or resulting in death, have been reported in patients treated with EFV, a component of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Reports have included patients with underlying hepatic disease, including coinfection with hepatitis B or C, and patients without pre-existing hepatic disease or other identifiable risk factors [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not recommended for patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment. Careful monitoring is recommended for patients with mild hepatic impairment receiving efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate  [see Adverse Reactions (6.2) and Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].

Monitoring of liver enzymes before and during treatment is recommended for all patients [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)]. Consider discontinuing efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in patients with persistent elevations of serum transaminases to greater than five times the upper limit of the normal range.

Discontinue efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate if elevation of serum transaminases is accompanied by clinical signs or symptoms of hepatitis or hepatic decompensation [see Adverse Reactions  (6.1)].

The concomitant use of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and other drugs may result in potentially significant drug interactions [see Contraindications (4) and Drug Interactions (7.3)], some of which may lead to:

• Loss of therapeutic effect of concomitant drug or efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and possible development of resistance.
• Possible clinically significant adverse reaction from greater exposures of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or concomitant drug.



QTc prolongation has been observed with the use of EFV [see Drug Interactions (7.1) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)]. Consider alternatives to efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate when coadministered with a drug with a known risk of Torsade de Pointes or when administered to patients at higher risk of Torsade de Pointes.




See Table 3 for steps to prevent or manage these possible and known significant drug interactions, including dosing recommendations. Consider the potential for drug interactions prior to and during efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy and review concomitant medications during efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate  therapy [see Dosage and Administration (2.5), Contraindications (4), and Drug Interactions (7)].

Serious psychiatric adverse experiences have been reported in patients treated with EFV, a component of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. In controlled trials of 1,008 subjects treated with regimens containing EFV for a mean of 2.1 years and 635 subjects treated with control regimens for a mean of 1.5 years, the frequency (regardless of causality) of specific serious psychiatric events among subjects who received EFV or control regimens, respectively, were: severe depression (2.4%, 0.9%), suicidal ideation (0.7%, 0.3%), nonfatal suicide attempts (0.5%, 0%), aggressive behavior (0.4%, 0.5%), paranoid reactions (0.4%, 0.3%), and manic reactions (0.2%, 0.3%). When psychiatric symptoms similar to those noted above were combined and evaluated as a group in a multifactorial analysis of data from Study AI266006 (006, NCT00002410), a Phase 3 randomized, open-label trial of EFV-containing regimens versus controls in 1,266 subjects (median follow-up 180 weeks, 102 weeks, and 76 weeks for subjects treated with EFV + zidovudine + lamivudine, EFV + indinavir, and indinavir + zidovudine + lamivudine, respectively), treatment with EFV was associated with an increase in the occurrence of these selected psychiatric symptoms. Other factors associated with an increase in the occurrence of these psychiatric symptoms were history of injection drug use, psychiatric history, and receipt of psychiatric medication at trial entry; similar associations were observed in both the EFV and control treatment groups. In Study 006, onset of new serious psychiatric symptoms occurred throughout the trial for both EFV-treated and control-treated subjects. One percent of EFV-treated subjects discontinued or interrupted treatment because of one or more of these selected psychiatric symptoms. There have also been occasional postmarketing reports of death by suicide, delusions, and psychosis-like behavior, although a causal relationship to the use of EFV cannot be determined from these reports. Postmarketing cases of catatonia have also been reported and may be associated with increased EFV exposure. Patients with serious psychiatric adverse experiences should seek immediate medical evaluation to assess the possibility that the symptoms may be related to the use of EFV, and if so, to determine whether the risks of continued therapy outweigh the benefits [see Adverse Reactions (6)].

Emtricitabine and tenofovir are principally eliminated by the kidney; however, EFV is not. Renal impairment, including cases of acute renal failure and Fanconi syndrome (renal tubular injury with severe hypophosphatemia), has been reported with the use of TDF, a component of efavirenz emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].

Prior to initiation and during use of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, on a clinically appropriate schedule, assess serum creatinine, estimated creatinine clearance, urine glucose, and urine protein in all patients. In patients with chronic kidney disease, also assess serum phosphorus. Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not recommended in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min).

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent (e.g., high-dose or multiple non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]) [see Drug Interactions (7.2)]. Cases of acute renal failure after initiation of high-dose or multiple NSAIDs have been reported in HIV-infected patients with risk factors for renal dysfunction who appeared stable on TDF. Some patients required hospitalization and renal replacement therapy. Alternatives to NSAIDs should be considered, if needed, in patients at risk for renal dysfunction.

Persistent or worsening bone pain, pain in extremities, fractures, and/or muscular pain or weakness may be manifestations of proximal renal tubulopathy and should prompt an evaluation of renal function in patients at risk of renal dysfunction.

Discontinue efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in patients who develop clinically significant decreases in renal function or evidence of Fanconi syndrome.

Efavirenz may cause fetal harm when administered during the first trimester of pregnancy. Advise adults and adolescents of childbearing potential who are receiving efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to avoid pregnancy while receiving efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and for 12 weeks after discontinuation [see Dosage and Administration (2.1), Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)].

Bone Mineral Density  

In clinical trials in HIV-1 infected adults, TDF (a component of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) was associated with slightly greater decreases in bone mineral density (BMD) and increases in biochemical markers of bone metabolism, suggesting increased bone turnover relative to comparators. Serum parathyroid hormone levels and 1,25 Vitamin D levels were also higher in subjects receiving TDF.

Clinical trials evaluating TDF in pediatric and adolescent subjects were conducted. Under normal circumstances, BMD increases rapidly in pediatric patients. In HIV-1 infected subjects aged 2 years to less than 18 years, bone effects were similar to those observed in adult subjects and suggest increased bone turnover. Total body BMD gain was less in the TDF-treated HIV-1 infected pediatric subjects as compared to the control groups. Similar trends were observed in chronic hepatitis-B infected adolescent subjects aged 12 years to less than 18 years. In all pediatric trials, skeletal growth (height) appeared to be unaffected.

The effects of TDF-associated changes in BMD and biochemical markers on long-term bone health and future fracture risk are unknown. Assessment of BMD should be considered for adult and pediatric patients who have a history of pathologic bone fracture or other risk factors for osteoporosis or bone loss. Although the effect of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D was not studied, such supplementation may be beneficial for all patients. If bone abnormalities are suspected, then appropriate consultation should be obtained.

Mineralization Defects  

Cases of osteomalacia associated with proximal renal tubulopathy, manifested as bone pain or pain in extremities and which may contribute to fractures, have been reported in association with TDF use [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. Arthralgias and muscle pain or weakness have also been reported in cases of proximal renal tubulopathy. Hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia secondary to proximal renal tubulopathy should be considered in patients at risk of renal dysfunction who present with persistent or worsening bone or muscle symptoms while receiving TDF-containing products [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].

Convulsions have been observed in adult and pediatric patients receiving EFV, generally in the presence of known medical history of seizures. Caution must be taken in any patient with a history of seizures.

Patients who are receiving concomitant anticonvulsant medications primarily metabolized by the liver, such as phenytoin and phenobarbital, may require periodic monitoring of plasma levels [see Drug Interactions (7.3)].

Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs, including TDF and FTC, components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, alone or in combination with other antiretrovirals. Treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase elevations).

Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including the components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia [PCP], or tuberculosis), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.

Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves’ disease, polymyositis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and autoimmune hepatitis) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution; however, the time to onset is more variable, and can occur many months after initiation of treatment.

Redistribution/accumulation of body fat, including central obesity, dorsocervical fat enlargement (buffalo hump), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and “cushingoid appearance,” has been observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, including EFV. The mechanism and long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. A causal relationship has not been established.

The following adverse reactions are discussed in other sections of the labeling:

• Severe Acute Exacerbations of Hepatitis B in Patients Coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
• Rash [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
• Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
• Psychiatric Symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].
• Nervous System Symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].
• New Onset or Worsening Renal Impairment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].
• Embryo-Fetal Toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].
• Bone Loss and Mineralization Defects [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].
• Convulsions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)].
• Lactic Acidosis/Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)].
• Immune Reconstitution Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)].
• Fat Redistribution [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)].

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Clinical Trials in Adult Subjects

Study 934 was an open-label active-controlled trial in which 511 antiretroviral-naïve subjects received either FTC + TDF administered in combination with EFV (N=257) or zidovudine (AZT)/lamivudine (3TC) administered in combination with EFV (N=254).

The most common adverse reactions (incidence greater than or equal to 10%, any severity) occurring in Study 934 include diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, headache, dizziness, depression, insomnia, abnormal dreams, and rash. Adverse reactions observed in Study 934 were generally consistent with those seen in previous trials of the individual components (Table 1).

Table 1 Selected Adverse Reactions^a (Grades 2 to 4) Reported in ≥5% in Either Treatment Group in Study 934 (0 to 144 Weeks)

a. Frequencies of adverse reactions are based on all treatment-emergent adverse events, regardless of relationship to study drug.

b. From Weeks 96 to 144 of the trial, subjects received FTC/TDF administered in combination with EFV in place of  FTC + TDF with EFV.

c. Rash event includes rash, exfoliative rash, rash generalized, rash macular, rash maculopapular, rash pruritic, and rash vesicular.

In Study 073, subjects with stable, virologic suppression on antiretroviral therapy and no history of virologic failure were randomized to receive efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or to stay on their baseline regimen. The adverse reactions observed in Study 073 were generally consistent with those seen in Study 934 and those seen with the individual components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate when each was administered in combination with other antiretroviral agents.

Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, or TDF

In addition to the adverse reactions in Study 934 and Study 073, the following adverse reactions were observed in clinical trials of EFV, FTC, or TDF in combination with other antiretroviral agents.

Efavirenz:  The most significant adverse reactions observed in subjects treated with EFV were nervous system symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)], psychiatric symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)], and rash [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

Selected adverse reactions of moderate-to-severe intensity observed in greater than or equal to 2% of EFV-treated subjects in two controlled clinical trials included pain, impaired concentration, abnormal dreams, somnolence, anorexia, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nervousness, and pruritus.

Pancreatitis has also been reported, although a causal relationship with EFV has not been established. Asymptomatic increases in serum amylase levels were observed in a significantly higher number of subjects treated with EFV 600 mg than in control subjects.

Skin discoloration has been reported with higher frequency among FTC-treated subjects; it was manifested by hyperpigmentation on the palms and/or soles and was generally mild and asymptomatic. The mechanism and clinical significance are unknown.

Clinical Trials in Pediatric Subjects

Efavirenz: Assessment of adverse reactions is based on three pediatric clinical trials in 182 HIV-1 infected pediatric subjects who received EFV in combination with other antiretroviral agents for a median of 123 weeks. The type and frequency of adverse reactions in the three trials were generally similar to that of adult subjects with the exception of a higher incidence of rash, which was reported in 32% (59/182) of pediatric subjects compared to 26% of adults, and a higher frequency of Grade 3 or 4 rash reported in 3% (6/182) of pediatric subjects compared to 0.9% of adults [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

Emtricitabine: In addition to the adverse reactions reported in adults, anemia and hyperpigmentation were observed in 7% and 32%, respectively, of pediatric subjects who received treatment with FTC in the larger of two open-label, uncontrolled pediatric trials (N=116).

Tenofovir DF: In a pediatric clinical trial conducted in subjects 12 to less than 18 years of age, the adverse reactions observed in pediatric subjects who received treatment with TDF (N=81) were consistent with those observed in clinical trials of TDF in adults [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].

Laboratory Abnormalities

Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir DF:  Laboratory abnormalities observed in Study 934 were generally consistent with those seen in previous trials (Table 2).

Table 2 Significant Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in ≥1% of Subjects  in Either Treatment Group in Study 934 (0 to 144 Weeks)

a. From Weeks 96 to 144 of the trial, subjects received FTC/TDF administered in combination with EFV in place     of FTC + TDF with EFV.

Laboratory abnormalities observed in Study 073 were generally consistent with those in Study 934.

Hepatic Events: In Study 934, 19 subjects treated with EFV, FTC, and TDF and 20 subjects treated with EFV and fixed-dose zidovudine/lamivudine were hepatitis B surface antigen or hepatitis C antibody positive. Among these coinfected subjects, one subject (1/19) in the EFV, FTC, and TDF arm had elevations in transaminases to  greater than five times ULN through 144 weeks. In the fixed-dose zidovudine/lamivudine arm, two subjects (2/20) had elevations in transaminases to greater than five times ULN through 144 weeks. No HBV and/or HCV coinfected subject discontinued from the trial due to hepatobiliary disorders [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of EFV, FTC, or  TDF. Because postmarketing reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Efavirenz:

Cardiac Disorders
Palpitations

Ear and Labyrinth Disorders
Tinnitus, vertigo

Endocrine Disorders
Gynecomastia

Eye Disorders
Abnormal vision

Gastrointestinal Disorders
Constipation, malabsorption

General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions
Asthenia

Hepatobiliary Disorders
Hepatic enzyme increase, hepatic failure, hepatitis

Immune System Disorders
Allergic reactions

Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders
Redistribution/accumulation of body fat [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)], hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia

Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
Arthralgia, myalgia, myopathy

Nervous System Disorders
Abnormal coordination, ataxia, encephalopathy, cerebellar coordination and balance disturbances, convulsions, hypoesthesia, paresthesia, neuropathy, tremor

Psychiatric Disorders
Aggressive reactions, agitation, delusions, emotional lability, mania, neurosis, paranoia, psychosis, suicide, catatonia

Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders
Dyspnea

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
Flushing, erythema multiforme, photoallergic dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Emtricitabine: No postmarketing adverse reactions have been identified for inclusion in this section.

Tenofovir DF:

Immune System Disorders
Allergic reaction, including angioedema

Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders
Lactic acidosis, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia

Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders
Dyspnea

Gastrointestinal Disorders
Pancreatitis, increased amylase, abdominal pain

Hepatobiliary Disorders
Hepatic steatosis, hepatitis, increased liver enzymes (most commonly AST, ALT, gamma GT)

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
Rash

Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
Rhabdomyolysis, osteomalacia (manifested as bone pain and which may contribute to fractures), muscular weakness, myopathy

Renal and Urinary Disorders
Acute renal failure, renal failure, acute tubular necrosis, Fanconi syndrome, proximal renal tubulopathy, interstitial nephritis (including acute cases), nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, renal insufficiency, increased creatinine, proteinuria, polyuria

General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions
Asthenia

The following adverse reactions, listed under the body system headings above, may occur as a consequence of proximal renal tubulopathy: rhabdomyolysis, osteomalacia, hypokalemia, muscular weakness, myopathy, hypophosphatemia.

Efavirenz has been shown in vivo to induce CYP3A and CYP2B6. Other compounds that are substrates of CYP3A or CYP2B6 may have decreased plasma concentrations when coadministered with EFV.

Drugs that induce CYP3A activity (e.g., phenobarbital, rifampin, rifabutin) would be expected to increase the clearance of EFV, resulting in lowered plasma concentrations [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].

There is limited information available on the potential for a pharmacodynamic interaction between EFV and drugs that prolong the QTc interval. QTc prolongation has been observed with the use of EFV [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)]. Consider alternatives to efavirenz emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate when coadministered with a drug with a known risk of Torsade de Pointes.

FTC and tenofovir are primarily eliminated by the kidneys [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Coadministration of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of FTC, tenofovir, and/or the coadministered drug. Some examples include, but are not limited to, acyclovir, adefovir dipivoxil, cidofovir, ganciclovir, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin), and high-dose or multiple NSAIDs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)]. Drugs that decrease renal function may increase concentrations of FTC and/or tenofovir.

Other important drug interaction information for efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate  is summarized in Table 3. The drug interactions described are based on trials conducted with either efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, the components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EFV, FTC, or TDF) as individual agents, or are potential drug interactions  [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Cannabinoid Test Interaction: Efavirenz does not bind to cannabinoid receptors. False-positive urine cannabinoid test results have been reported with some screening assays in uninfected and HIV-infected subjects receiving EFV. Confirmation of positive screening tests for cannabinoids by a more specific method is recommended.

Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry

There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in adults and adolescents exposed to efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) at (800) 258-4263.

Risk Summary

There are retrospective case reports of neural tube defects in infants whose mothers were exposed to EFV-containing regimens in the first trimester of pregnancy. Prospective pregnancy data from the APR are not sufficient to adequately assess this risk. Although a causal relationship has not been established between exposure to EFV in the first trimester and neural tube defects, similar malformations have been observed in studies conducted in monkeys at doses similar to the human dose (see Data). In addition, fetal and embryonic toxicities occurred in rats at a dose 10 times less than the human exposure at the recommended clinical human dose (RHD) of EFV. Because of the potential risk of neural tube defects, EFV is not recommended for use in the first trimester of pregnancy. Avoid pregnancy while receiving efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and for 12 weeks after discontinuation. Advise pregnant patients of the potential risk to a fetus.

Available data from the APR show no increase in the overall risk of major birth defects for EFV, FTC, or TDF compared with the background rate for major birth defects of 2.7% in a U.S. reference population of the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) (see Data).

The rate of miscarriage is not reported in the APR. The estimated background rate of miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies in the U.S. general population is 15 to 20%. The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. The APR uses the MACDP as the U.S. reference population for birth defects in the general population. The MACDP evaluates mothers and infants from a limited geographic area and does not include outcomes for births that occurred at less than 20 weeks’ gestation.

In animal reproduction studies, no adverse developmental effects were observed when FTC and TDF were administered separately at doses/exposures ≥60 (FTC), ≥14 (TDF) and 2.7 (tenofovir) times those at the RHD of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (see Data).

Data

Human Data

Efavirenz: There are retrospective postmarketing reports of findings consistent with neural tube defects, including meningomyelocele, all in infants of mothers exposed to EFV-containing regimens in the first trimester.

Based on prospective reports to the APR of 1,217 exposures to EFV-containing regimens during pregnancy resulting in live births (including over 1,023 live births exposed in the first trimester and 194 exposed in the second/third trimester), there was no increase in overall birth defects with EFV compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the MACDP. The prevalence of birth defects in live births was 2.3% (95% CI: 1.5% to 3.5%) with first trimester exposure to EFV-containing regimens, and 1.5% (95% CI: 0.3% to 4.5%) with the second/third trimester exposure to EFV-containing regimens. One of these prospectively reported defects with first-trimester exposure was a neural tube defect. A single case of anophthalmia with first-trimester exposure to EFV has also been prospectively reported. This case also included severe oblique facial clefts and amniotic banding, which have a known association with anophthalmia.

Emtricitabine: Based on prospective reports from the APR of 4,005 exposures to FTC-containing regimens during pregnancy resulting in live births (including 2,785 exposed in the first trimester and 1,220 exposed in the second/third trimester), there was no increase in overall major birth defects with FTC compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the MACDP. The prevalence of birth defects in live births was 2.4% (95% CI: 1.9% to 3.1%) with first trimester exposure to FTC-containing regimens and 2.3% (95% CI: 1.5% to 3.3%) with the second/third trimester exposure to FTC-containing regimens.

Tenofovir DF: Based on prospective reports from the APR of 5,105 exposures to TDF-containing regimens during pregnancy resulting in live births (including 3,535 exposed in the first trimester and 1,570 exposed in the second/third trimester), there was no increase in overall major birth defects with TDF compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the MACDP. The prevalence of birth defects in live births was 2.3% (95% CI: 1.8% to 2.9%) with first trimester exposure to TDF-containing regimens, and 2.2% (95% CI: 1.6% to 3.1%) with the second/third trimester exposure to TDF-containing regimens.

Animal Data

Efavirenz: Effects of EFV on embryo-fetal development have been studied in three nonclinical species (cynomolgus monkeys, rats, and rabbits). In monkeys, EFV 60 mg/kg/day was administered to pregnant females throughout pregnancy (gestation Days 20 through 150). The maternal systemic drug exposures (AUC) were 1.3 times the exposures at the RHD, with fetal umbilical venous drug concentrations approximately 0.7 times the maternal values. Three fetuses of 20 fetuses/infants had one or more malformations; there were no malformed fetuses or infants from placebo-treated mothers. The malformations that occurred in these three monkey fetuses included anencephaly and unilateral anophthalmia in one fetus, microphthalmia in a second, and cleft palate in the third. There was no NOAEL (no observable adverse effect level) established for this study because only one dosage was evaluated. In rats, EFV was administered either during organogenesis (gestation Days 7 to 18) or from gestation Day 7 through lactation Day 21 at 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day. Administration of 200 mg/kg/day in rats was associated with an increase in the incidence of early resorptions, and doses 100 mg/kg/day and greater were associated with early neonatal mortality. The AUC at the NOAEL (50 mg/kg/day) in this rat study was 0.1 times that in humans at the RHD. Drug concentrations in the milk on lactation Day 10 were approximately 8 times higher than those in maternal plasma. In pregnant rabbits, EFV was neither embryo lethal nor teratogenic when administered at doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day over the period of organogenesis (gestation Days 6 through 18). The AUC at the NOAEL (75 mg/kg/day) in rabbits was 0.4 times that in humans at the RHD.

Emtricitabine: FTC was administered orally to pregnant mice (at 0, 250, 500, or 1,000 mg/kg/day), and rabbits (at 0, 100, 300, or 1,000 mg/kg/day) through organogenesis (on gestation days 6 through 15, and 7 through 19, respectively). No significant toxicological effects were observed in embryo-fetal toxicity studies performed with FTC in mice at exposures (AUC) approximately 60 times higher and in rabbits at approximately 120 times higher than human exposures at the RHD. In a pre/postnatal development study in mice, FTC was administered orally at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day; no significant adverse effects directly related to drug were observed in the offspring exposed daily from before birth (in utero) through sexual maturity at daily exposures (AUC) of approximately 60 times higher than human exposures at the RHD.

Tenofovir DF: TDF was administered orally to pregnant rats (at 0, 50, 150, or 450 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (at 0, 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg/day) through organogenesis (on gestation days 7 through 17, and 6 through 18, respectively). No significant toxicological effects were observed in embryo-fetal toxicity studies performed with TDF in rats at doses up to 14 times the RHD based on body surface area comparisons and in rabbits at doses up to 19 times the RHD based on body surface area comparisons. In a pre/postnatal development study in rats, TDF was administered orally through lactation at doses up to 600 mg/kg/day; no adverse effects were observed in the offspring at tenofovir exposures of approximately 2.7 times higher than human exposures at the RHD.

Risk Summary

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-1 infected mothers not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV-1.

Based on limited published data, EFV, FTC, and tenofovir have been shown to be present in human breast milk.

It is not known if the components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate affect milk production or have effects on the breastfed child. Because of the potential for: (1) HIV transmission (in HIV-negative infants); (2) developing viral resistance (in HIV-positive infants); and (3) adverse reactions in a breastfed infant similar to those seen in adults, instruct mothers not to breastfeed if they are receiving efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

Pregnancy Testing

Perform pregnancy testing in adults and adolescents of childbearing potential before initiation of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate because of potential risk of neural tube defects [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

Contraception

Advise adults and adolescents of childbearing potential to use effective contraception during treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and for 12 weeks after discontinuing efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate due to the long half-life of EFV, a component of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Hormonal methods that contain progesterone may have decreased effectiveness Always use barrier contraception in combination with other methods of contraception [see Drug Interactions (7.1, 7.3)].

The effectiveness and safety of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate as a complete regimen for the treatment of HIV-1 infection was established in pediatric patients with body weight greater than or equal to 40 kg [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)]. Use of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in this age group is supported by adequate and well-controlled studies of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in adults with HIV-1 infection and data from pediatric studies of the individual components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EFV, FTC, and TDF).

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should only be administered to pediatric patients with a body weight greater than or equal to 40 kg. Because efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a fixed-dose combination tablet, the dose of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate cannot be adjusted for patients of lower weight [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.9), Adverse Reactions (6.1), and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Clinical trials of EFV, FTC, or TDF did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for elderly patients should be cautious, keeping in mind the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

Because efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a fixed-dose combination, and cannot be dose adjusted, it is not recommended in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min) [see Dosage and Administration (2.3), Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not recommended for patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment because there are insufficient data to determine an appropriate dose. Patients with mild hepatic impairment may be treated with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate at the approved dose. Because of the extensive cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of EFV and limited clinical experience in patients with hepatic impairment, caution should be exercised in administering efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to these patients [see Dosage and Administration (2.4), Warnings and Precautions (5.3), and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

If overdose occurs, the patient should be monitored for evidence of toxicity, and standard supportive treatment applied as necessary. Administration of activated charcoal may be used to aid removal of unabsorbed EFV. Hemodialysis can remove both FTC and TDF (refer to detailed information below) but is unlikely to significantly remove EFV from the blood.

Efavirenz: Some patients accidentally taking 600 mg twice daily have reported increased nervous system symptoms. One patient experienced involuntary muscle contractions.

Emtricitabine: Hemodialysis treatment removes approximately 30% of the FTC dose over a 3-hour dialysis period starting within 1.5 hours of FTC dosing (blood flow rate of  400 mL/min and a dialysate flow rate of 600 mL/min). It is not known whether FTC can be removed by peritoneal dialysis.

Tenofovir DF: Tenofovir is efficiently removed by hemodialysis with an extraction coefficient of approximately 54%. Following a single 300 mg dose of  TDF, a 4-hour hemodialysis session removed approximately 10% of the administered tenofovir dose.

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate  is a fixed-dose combination tablet containing EFV, FTC, and TDF. EFV is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). FTC is a synthetic nucleoside analog of cytidine. TDF, which is converted in vivo to tenofovir, is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (nucleotide) analog of adenosine 5′-monophosphate.

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate  tablets are for oral administration. Each tablet contains 600 mg of EFV, 200 mg of FTC, and 300 mg of TDF (equivalent to 245 mg of tenofovir disoproxil) as active ingredients. The tablets include the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium lauryl sulfate. The tablets are film-coated with a coating material containing polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, talc, and titanium dioxide.

Efavirenz: EFV is chemically described as (S)-6-chloro-4-(cyclopropylethynyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one. Its molecular formula is C₁₄H₉ClF₃NO₂ and its structural formula is:

Efavirenz Chemical Structure (Efemtf Str1)

Efavirenz USP is a white to off-white, crystalline powder with a molecular mass of 315.68. It is practically insoluble in water (less than 10 mcg/mL).

Emtricitabine: The chemical name of FTC is 5-fluoro-1-(2R,5S)-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine. FTC is the (-) enantiomer of a thio analog of cytidine, which differs from other cytidine analogs in that it has a fluorine in the 5-position.

It has a molecular formula of C₈H₁₀FN₃O₃S and a molecular weight of 247.24. It has the following structural formula:

Emitricitabine Chemical Structure (Efemtf Str2)

Emtricitabine is a white to off-white powder with a solubility of approximately 112 mg/mL in water at 25°C.

Tenofovir DF: TDF is a fumaric acid salt of the bis-isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl ester derivative of tenofovir. The chemical name of TDF is 9-[(R)-2[[bis[[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]-methoxy]phosphinyl]methoxy]propyl]adenine fumarate (1:1). It has a molecular formula of C₁₉H₃₀N₅O₁₀P • C₄H₄O₄ and a molecular weight of 635.52. It has the following structural formula:

Tenofovir Chemical Structure (Efemtf Str3)

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate  is a fixed-dose combination of antiviral drugs EFV, FTC, and TDF [see Microbiology (12.4)].

Cardiac Electrophysiology

Efavirenz: The effect of EFV on the QTc interval was evaluated in an open-label, positive and placebo-controlled, fixed single sequence 3-period, 3-treatment crossover QT study in 58 healthy subjects enriched for CYP2B6 polymorphisms. The mean C_max of EFV in subjects with CYP2B6 *6/*6 genotype following the administration of 600 mg daily dose for 14 days was 2.25-fold the mean C_max observed in subjects with CYP2B6 *1/*1 genotype. A positive relationship between EFV concentration and QTc prolongation was observed. Based on the concentration-QTc relationship, the mean QTc prolongation and its upper bound 90% confidence interval are 8.7 msec and 11.3 msec in subjects with CYP2B6*6/*6 genotype following the administration of 600 mg daily dose for 14 days [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: One efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate  tablet is bioequivalent to one Sustiva tablet (600 mg) plus one EMTRIVA^® capsule (200 mg) plus one VIREAD^® tablet (300 mg) following single-dose administration to fasting healthy subjects (N=45).

Efavirenz: In HIV-1 infected subjects time-to-peak plasma concentrations were approximately 3 to 5 hours and steady-state plasma concentrations were reached in 6 to 10 days. In 35 HIV-1 infected subjects receiving EFV 600 mg once daily, steady-state C_max was 12.9 ± 3.7 µM (mean ± SD), C_min was 5.6 ± 3.2 µM, and AUC was 184 ± 73 µM•hr. EFV is highly bound (approximately 99.5 to 99.75%) to human plasma proteins, predominantly albumin. Following administration of ¹⁴C-labeled EFV, 14 to 34% of the dose was recovered in the urine (mostly as metabolites) and 16 to 61% was recovered in feces (mostly as parent drug). In vitro studies suggest CYP3A and CYP2B6 are the major isozymes responsible for EFV metabolism. EFV has been shown to induce CYP enzymes, resulting in induction of its own metabolism. EFV has a terminal half-life of 52 to 76 hours after single doses and 40 to 55 hours after multiple doses.

Emtricitabine: Following oral administration, FTC is rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma concentrations occurring at 1 to 2 hours postdose. Following multiple dose oral administration of FTC to 20 HIV-1 infected subjects, the steady-state plasma FTC C_max was 1.8 ± 0.7 mcg/mL (mean ± SD) and the AUC over a 24-hour dosing interval was 10.0 ± 3.1 mcg•hr/mL. The mean steady-state plasma trough concentration at 24 hours postdose was 0.09 mcg/mL. The mean absolute bioavailability of FTC was 93%. Less than 4% of FTC binds to human plasma proteins in vitro, and the binding is independent of concentration over the range of 0.02 to 200 mcg/mL. Following administration of radiolabelled FTC, approximately 86% is recovered in the urine and 13% is recovered as metabolites. The metabolites of FTC include 3′-sulfoxide diastereomers and their glucuronic acid conjugate. FTC is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion with a renal clearance in adults with normal renal function of 213 ± 89 mL/min (mean ± SD). Following a single oral dose, the plasma FTC half-life is approximately 10 hours.

Tenofovir DF: Following oral administration of a single 300 mg dose of TDF to HIV-1 infected subjects in the fasted state, maximum serum concentrations (C_max) were achieved in 1.0 ± 0.4 hrs (mean ± SD) and C_max and AUC values were 296 ± 90 ng/mL and 2287 ± 685 ng•hr/mL, respectively. The oral bioavailability of tenofovir from TDF in fasted subjects is approximately 25%. Less than 0.7% of tenofovir binds to human plasma proteins in vitro, and the binding is independent of concentration over the range of 0.01 to 25 mcg/mL. Approximately 70 to 80% of the intravenous dose of tenofovir is recovered as unchanged drug in the urine. Tenofovir is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion, with a renal clearance in adults with normal renal function of 243 ± 33 mL/min (mean ± SD). Following a single oral dose, the terminal elimination half-life of tenofovir is approximately 17 hours.                

Effects of Food on Oral Absorption 

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate  has not been evaluated in the presence of food. Administration of EFV tablets with a high-fat meal increased the mean AUC and C_maxof EFV by 28% and 79%, respectively, compared to administration in the fasted state. Compared to fasted administration, dosing of TDF and FTC in combination with either a high-fat meal or a light meal increased the mean AUC and C_max of tenofovir by 35% and 15%, respectively, without affecting FTC exposures [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Patient Counseling Information (17)]. 

Specific Populations 

Race

Efavirenz: The pharmacokinetics of EFV in HIV-1 infected subjects appear to be similar among the racial groups studied.

Emtricitabine: No pharmacokinetic differences due to race have been identified following the administration of FTC.

Tenofovir DF: There were insufficient numbers from racial and ethnic groups other than Caucasian to adequately determine potential pharmacokinetic differences among these populations following the administration of TDF.

Gender

Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir DF: EFV, FTC, and tenofovir pharmacokinetics are similar in male and female subjects.

Pediatric Patients

Efavirenz:  In an open-label trial in NRTI-experienced pediatric subjects (mean age 8 years, range 3 to 16 years), the pharmacokinetics of EFV in pediatric subjects were similar to the pharmacokinetics in adults who received a 600 mg daily dose of EFV. Based on mean steady-state predicted population pharmacokinetic modeling in pediatric subjects weighing >40 kg receiving the 600 mg dose of EFV, C_max was 6.57 mcg/mL, C_min was 2.82 mcg/mL, and AUC_(0-24) was 254.78 μM•hr.

Emtricitabine: The pharmacokinetics of FTC at steady state were determined in 27 HIV-1 infected pediatric subjects 13 to 17 years of age receiving a daily dose of 6 mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 240 mg oral solution or a 200 mg capsule; 26 of 27 subjects in this age group received the 200 mg capsule. Mean ± SD C_max and AUC were 2.7 ± 0.9 mcg/mL and 12.6 ± 5.4 mcg•hr/mL, respectively. Exposures achieved in pediatric subjects 12 to less than 18 years of age were similar to those achieved in adults receiving a once daily dose of 200 mg.

Tenofovir DF: Steady-state pharmacokinetics of tenofovir were evaluated in 8 HIV-1 infected pediatric subjects (12 to less than 18 years). Mean ± SD Cmax and AUCtau are 0.38 ± 0.13 mcg/mL and 3.39 ± 1.22 mcg•hr/mL, respectively. Tenofovir exposure achieved in these pediatric subjects receiving oral daily doses of TDF 300 mg was similar to exposures achieved in adults receiving once-daily doses of TDF 300 mg.

Geriatric Patients

Pharmacokinetics of EFV, FTC, and tenofovir have not been fully evaluated in the elderly (65 years of age and older) [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)].

Patients with Impaired Renal Function

Efavirenz: The pharmacokinetics of EFV have not been studied in subjects with renal insufficiency; however, less than 1% of EFV is excreted unchanged in the urine, so the impact of renal impairment on EFV elimination should be minimal. 

Emtricitabine and Tenofovir DF: The pharmacokinetics of FTC and TDF are altered in subjects with renal impairment. In subjects with creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min, C_max and AUC_0-∞ of  FTC and tenofovir were increased [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].

Patients with Hepatic Impairment

Efavirenz: A multiple-dose trial showed no significant effect on EFV pharmacokinetics in subjects with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A) compared with controls. There were insufficient data to determine whether moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B or C) affects EFV pharmacokinetics [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) and Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].

Emtricitabine: The pharmacokinetics of FTC have not been studied in subjects with hepatic impairment; however, FTC is not significantly metabolized by liver enzymes, so the impact of liver impairment should be limited.

Tenofovir DF: The pharmacokinetics of tenofovir following a 300 mg dose of TDF have been studied in non-HIV infected subjects with moderate to severe hepatic impairment. There were no substantial alterations in tenofovir pharmacokinetics in subjects with hepatic impairment compared with unimpaired subjects.

Assessment of Drug Interactions 

The drug interaction trials described were conducted with either efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or the components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EFV, FTC, or TDF) as individual agents.

Efavirenz: The steady-state pharmacokinetics of EFV and tenofovir were unaffected when EFV and TDF were administered together versus each agent dosed alone. Specific drug interaction trials have not been performed with EFV and NRTIs other than tenofovir, lamivudine, and zidovudine. Clinically significant interactions would not be expected based on NRTIs elimination pathways.

Efavirenz has been shown in vivo to cause hepatic enzyme induction, thus increasing the biotransformation of some drugs metabolized by CYP3A and CYP2B6. In vitro studies have shown that EFV inhibited CYP isozymes 2C9 and 2C19 with K_i values (8.5 to 17 µM) in the range of observed EFV plasma concentrations. In in vitro studies, EFV did not inhibit CYP2E1 and inhibited CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 (K_i values 82 to 160 µM) only at concentrations well above those achieved clinically. Coadministration of EFV with drugs primarily metabolized by CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A or CYP2B6 isozymes may result in altered plasma concentrations of the coadministered drug. Drugs which induce CYP3A and CYP2B6 activity would be expected to increase the clearance of EFV resulting in lowered plasma concentrations.

Drug interaction trials were performed with EFV and other drugs likely to be coadministered or drugs commonly used as probes for pharmacokinetic interaction. There was no clinically significant interaction observed between EFV and zidovudine, lamivudine, azithromycin, fluconazole, lorazepam, cetirizine, or paroxetine. Single doses of famotidine or an aluminum and magnesium antacid with simethicone had no effects on EFV exposures. The effects of coadministration of EFV on C_max, AUC, and C_min are summarized in Table 4 (effect of other drugs on EFV) and Table 5 (effect of EFV on other drugs) [see  Drug Interactions (7)]. 

No effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of EFV was observed with the following coadministered drugs: indinavir, saquinavir soft gelatin capsule, simeprevir, ledipasvir/sofosbuvir, sofosbuvir, clarithromycin, itraconazole, atorvastatin, pravastatin, or sertraline.

Emtricitabine and Tenofovir DF: The steady-state pharmacokinetics of FTC and tenofovir were unaffected when FTC and TDF were administered together versus each agent dosed alone.

In vitro and clinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction studies have shown that the potential for CYP mediated interactions involving FTC and tenofovir with other medicinal products is low.

TDF is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) transporters. When TDF is coadministered with an inhibitor of these transporters, an increase in absorption may be observed.

No clinically significant drug interactions have been observed between FTC and famciclovir, indinavir, sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, stavudine, TDF, and zidovudine. Similarly, no clinically significant drug interactions have been observed between TDF and abacavir, EFV, FTC, entecavir, indinavir, lamivudine, lopinavir/ritonavir, methadone, nelfinavir, oral contraceptives, ribavirin, saquinavir/ritonavir, sofosbuvir, or tacrolimus in trials conducted in healthy volunteers.

Following multiple dosing to HIV-negative subjects receiving either chronic methadone maintenance therapy, oral contraceptives, or single doses of ribavirin, steady-state tenofovir pharmacokinetics were similar to those observed in previous trials, indicating a lack of clinically significant drug interactions between these agents and TDF.

The effects of coadministered drugs on the C_max, AUC, and C_min of tenofovir are shown in Table 6. The effects of coadministration of TDF on C_max, AUC, and C_min of coadministered drugs are shown in Table 7.

Mechanism of Action

Efavirenz: EFV is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor of HIV-1. Efavirenz activity is mediated predominantly by noncompetitive inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. HIV-2 RT and human cellular DNA polymerases α, β, γ, and δ are not inhibited by EFV.

Emtricitabine: Emtricitabine, a synthetic nucleoside analog of cytidine, is phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to form FTC 5'-triphosphate. Emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate  inhibits the activity of the HIV-1 RT by competing with the natural substrate deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate and by being incorporated into nascent viral DNA which results in chain termination. Emtricitabine 5′-triphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases α, β, ε, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ.

Tenofovir DF: TDF is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diester analog of adenosine monophosphate. TDF requires initial diester hydrolysis for conversion to tenofovir and subsequent phosphorylations by cellular enzymes to form tenofovir diphosphate. Tenofovir diphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 RT by competing with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine 5′-triphosphate and, after incorporation into DNA, by DNA chain termination. Tenofovir diphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases α, β, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ.

Antiviral Activity

Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir DF: In combination studies evaluating the antiviral activity in cell culture of FTC and EFV together, EFV and tenofovir together, and FTC and tenofovir together, additive to synergistic antiviral effects were observed.

Efavirenz: The concentration of EFV inhibiting replication of wild-type laboratory adapted strains and clinical isolates in cell culture by 90 to 95% (EC_90-95) ranged from 1.7 to 25 nM in lymphoblastoid cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and macrophage/monocyte cultures. Efavirenz demonstrated additive antiviral activity against HIV-1 in cell culture when combined with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (delavirdine and nevirapine), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) (abacavir, didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, and zidovudine), protease inhibitors (PIs) (amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir), and the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide. Efavirenz demonstrated additive to antagonistic antiviral activity in cell culture with atazanavir. Efavirenz demonstrated antiviral activity against clade B and most non-clade B isolates (subtypes A, AE, AG, C, D, F, G, J, and N), but had reduced antiviral activity against group O viruses. Efavirenz is not active against HIV-2.

Emtricitabine: The antiviral activity in cell culture of FTC against laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1 was assessed in lymphoblastoid cell lines, the MAGI-CCR5 cell line, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) values for FTC were in the range of 0.0013 to 0.64 µM (0.0003 to 0.158 mcg/mL). In drug combination studies of FTC with NRTIs (abacavir, lamivudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, and zidovudine), NNRTIs (delavirdine, EFV, and nevirapine), and PIs (amprenavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir), additive to synergistic effects were observed. Emtricitabine displayed antiviral activity in cell culture against HIV-1 clades A, B, C, D, E, F, and G (EC₅₀ values ranged from 0.007 to 0.075 µM) and showed strain-specific activity against HIV-2 (EC₅₀ values ranged from 0.007 to 1.5 µM).

Tenofovir DF: The antiviral activity in cell culture of tenofovir against laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1 was assessed in lymphoblastoid cell lines, primary monocyte/macrophage cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes. The EC₅₀ values for tenofovir were in the range of 0.04 to 8.5 µM. In drug combination studies of tenofovir with NRTIs (abacavir, didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, and zidovudine), NNRTIs (delavirdine, EFV, and nevirapine), and PIs (amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir), additive to synergistic effects were observed. Tenofovir displayed antiviral activity in cell culture against HIV-1 clades A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and O (EC₅₀ values ranged from 0.5 to 2.2 µM) and showed strain-specific activity against HIV-2 (EC₅₀ values ranged from 1.6 to 5.5 µM).

Resistance

EFV, FTC, and TDF: HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to the combination of FTC and tenofovir have been selected in cell culture and in clinical trials. Genotypic analysis of these isolates identified the M184V/I and/or K65R amino acid substitutions in the viral RT. In addition, a K70E substitution in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase has been selected by tenofovir and results in reduced susceptibility to tenofovir.

In a clinical trial of treatment-naïve subjects [Study 934, see  Clinical Studies (14)]  resistance analysis was performed on HIV-1 isolates from all confirmed virologic failure subjects with greater than 400 copies/mL of HIV-1 RNA at Week 144 or early discontinuations. Genotypic resistance to EFV, predominantly the K103N substitution, was the most common form of resistance that developed. Resistance to EFV occurred in 13/19 analyzed subjects in the FTC + TDF group and in 21/29 analyzed subjects in the zidovudine/lamivudine fixed-dose combination group. The M184V amino acid substitution, associated with resistance to FTC and lamivudine, was observed in 2/19 analyzed subject isolates in the FTC + TDF group and in 10/29 analyzed subject isolates in the zidovudine/lamivudine group. Through 144 weeks of Study 934, no subjects developed a detectable K65R substitution in their HIV-1 as analyzed through standard genotypic analysis.

In a clinical trial of treatment-naïve subjects, isolates from 8/47 (17%) analyzed subjects receiving TDF developed the K65R substitution through 144 weeks of therapy; 7 of these occurred in the first 48 weeks of treatment and one at Week 96. In treatment experienced subjects, 14/304 (5%) of TDF treated subjects with virologic failure through Week 96 showed greater than 1.4-fold (median 2.7) reduced susceptibility to tenofovir. Genotypic analysis of the resistant isolates showed a substitution in the HIV-1 RT gene resulting in the K65R amino acid substitution.

Efavirenz:  Clinical isolates with reduced susceptibility in cell culture to EFV have been obtained. The most frequently observed amino acid substitution in clinical trials with EFV is K103N (54%). One or more RT substitutions at amino acid positions 98, 100, 101, 103, 106, 108, 188, 190, 225, 227, and 230 were observed in subjects failing treatment with EFV in combination with other antiretrovirals. Other resistance substitutions observed to emerge commonly included L100I (7%), K101E/Q/R (14%), V108I (11%), G190S/T/A (7%), P225H (18%), and M230I/L (11%).

HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to EFV (greater than 380-fold increase in EC₉₀ value) emerged rapidly under selection in cell culture. Genotypic characterization of these viruses identified substitutions resulting in single amino acid substitutions L100I or V179D, double substitutions L100I/V108I, and triple substitutions L100I/V179D/Y181C in RT.

Emtricitabine: Emtricitabine-resistant isolates of HIV-1 have been selected in cell culture and in clinical trials. Genotypic analysis of these isolates showed that the reduced susceptibility to FTC was associated with a substitution in the HIV-1 RT gene at codon 184 which resulted in an amino acid substitution of methionine by valine or isoleucine (M184V/I).

Tenofovir DF: HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to tenofovir have been selected in cell culture. These viruses expressed a K65R substitution in RT and showed a 2- to 4-fold reduction in susceptibility to tenofovir.

Cross Resistance

Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir DF: Cross resistance has been recognized among NNRTIs. Cross resistance has also been recognized among certain NRTIs. The M184V/I and/or K65R substitutions selected in cell culture by the combination of FTC and tenofovir are also observed in some HIV-1 isolates from subjects failing treatment with tenofovir in combination with either lamivudine or FTC, and either abacavir or didanosine. Therefore, cross resistance among these drugs may occur in patients whose virus harbors either or both of these amino acid substitutions.

Efavirenz: Clinical isolates previously characterized as EFV resistant were also phenotypically resistant in cell culture to delavirdine and nevirapine compared to baseline. Delavirdine- and/or nevirapine-resistant clinical viral isolates with NNRTI resistance-associated substitutions (A98G, L100I, K101E/P, K103N/S, V106A, Y181X, Y188X, G190X, P225H, F227L, or M230L) showed reduced susceptibility to EFV in cell culture. Greater than 90% of NRTI-resistant isolates tested in cell culture retained susceptibility to EFV.

Emtricitabine: Emtricitabine-resistant isolates (M184V/I) were cross resistant to lamivudine but retained susceptibility in cell culture to didanosine, stavudine, tenofovir, zidovudine, and NNRTIs (delavirdine, EFV, and nevirapine). HIV-1 isolates containing the K65R substitution, selected in vivo by abacavir, didanosine, and tenofovir, demonstrated reduced susceptibility to inhibition by FTC. Viruses harboring substitutions conferring reduced susceptibility to stavudine and zidovudine (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, and K219Q/E) or didanosine (L74V) remained sensitive to FTC.

Tenofovir DF:  Cross resistance has been observed among NRTIs. The K65R substitution in HIV-1 RT selected by tenofovir is also selected in some HIV-1 infected patients treated with abacavir, or didanosine. HIV-1 isolates with the K65R substitution also showed reduced susceptibility to FTC and lamivudine. Therefore, cross resistance among these drugs may occur in patients whose virus harbors the K65R substitution. The K70E substitution selected clinically by TDF results in reduced susceptibility to abacavir, didanosine, FTC, and lamivudine. HIV-1 isolates from subjects (N=20) whose HIV-1 expressed a mean of 3 zidovudine-associated RT amino acid substitutions (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, or K219Q/E/N) showed a 3.1-fold decrease in the susceptibility to tenofovir. Subjects whose virus expressed an L74V substitution without zidovudine resistance associated substitutions (N=8) had reduced response to TDF. Limited data are available for patients whose virus expressed a Y115F substitution (N=3), Q151M substitution (N=2), or T69 insertion (N=4), all of whom had a reduced response.

Efavirenz: Long-term carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats were carried out with EFV. Mice were dosed with 0, 25, 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day for 2 years. Incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas and pulmonary alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas were increased above background in females. No increases in tumor incidence above background were seen in males. In studies in which rats were administered EFV at doses of 0, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day for 2 years, no increases in tumor incidence above background were observed. The systemic exposure (based on AUCs) in mice was approximately 1.7-fold that in humans receiving the 600 mg/day dose. The exposure in rats was lower than that in humans. The mechanism of the carcinogenic potential is unknown. However, in genetic toxicology assays, EFV showed no evidence of mutagenic or clastogenic activity in a battery of in vitro and in vivo studies. These included bacterial mutation assays in S. typhimurium and E. coli, mammalian mutation assays in Chinese hamster ovary cells, chromosome aberration assays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes or Chinese hamster ovary cells, and an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. Given the lack of genotoxic activity of EFV, the relevance to humans of neoplasms in EFV-treated mice is not known.

Efavirenz did not impair mating or fertility of male or female rats, and did not affect sperm of treated male rats. The reproductive performance of offspring born to female rats given EFV was not affected. Because of the rapid clearance of EFV in rats, systemic drug exposures achieved in these studies were equivalent to or below those achieved in humans given therapeutic doses of EFV.

Emtricitabine: In long-term carcinogenicity studies of FTC, no drug-related increases in tumor incidence were found in mice at doses up to 750 mg/kg/day (26 times the human systemic exposure at the therapeutic dose of 200 mg/day) or in rats at doses up to 600 mg/day (31 times the human systemic exposure at the therapeutic dose).

Emtricitabine was not genotoxic in the reverse mutation bacterial test (Ames test), or the mouse lymphoma or mouse micronucleus assays.

Emtricitabine did not affect fertility in male rats at approximately 140-fold or in male and female mice at approximately 60-fold higher exposures (AUC) than in humans given the recommended 200 mg daily dose. Fertility was normal in the offspring of mice exposed daily from before birth (in utero) through sexual maturity at daily exposures (AUC) of approximately 60-fold higher than human exposures at the recommended 200 mg daily dose.

Tenofovir DF: Long-term oral carcinogenicity studies of TDF in mice and rats were carried out at exposures up to approximately 16 times (mice) and 5 times (rats) those observed in humans at the therapeutic dose for HIV-1 infection. At the high dose in female mice, liver adenomas were increased at exposures 16 times that in humans. In rats, the study was negative for carcinogenic findings at exposures up to 5 times that observed in humans at the therapeutic dose.

TDF was mutagenic in the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay and negative in an in vitro bacterial mutagenicity test (Ames test). In an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, TDF was negative when administered to male mice.

There were no effects on fertility, mating performance, or early embryonic development when TDF was administered to male rats at a dose equivalent to 10 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons for 28 days prior to mating and to female rats for 15 days prior to mating through Day 7 of gestation. There was, however, an alteration of the estrous cycle in female rats.

Efavirenz: Nonsustained convulsions were observed in 6 of 20 monkeys receiving EFV at doses yielding plasma AUC values 4- to 13-fold greater than those in humans given the recommended dose.

Tenofovir DF:  Tenofovir and TDF administered in toxicology studies to rats, dogs, and monkeys at exposures (based on AUCs) greater than or equal to 6-fold those observed in humans caused bone toxicity. In monkeys the bone toxicity was diagnosed as osteomalacia. Osteomalacia observed in monkeys appeared to be reversible upon dose reduction or discontinuation of tenofovir. In rats and dogs, the bone toxicity manifested as reduced bone mineral density. The mechanism(s) underlying bone toxicity is unknown.

Evidence of renal toxicity was noted in 4 animal species administered tenofovir and TDF. Increases in serum creatinine, BUN, glycosuria, proteinuria, phosphaturia and/or calciuria and decreases in serum phosphate were observed to varying degrees in these animals. These toxicities were noted at exposures (based on AUCs) 2- to 20-times higher than those observed in humans. The relationship of the renal abnormalities, particularly the phosphaturia, to the bone toxicity is not known.

Clinical Study 934 (NCT00112047) supports the use of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets in antiretroviral treatment-naïve HIV-1 infected patients.

Clinical Study 073 (NCT00365612) provides clinical experience in subjects with stable, virologic suppression and no history of virologic failure who switched from their current regimen to efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

In antiretroviral treatment-experienced patients, the use of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets may be considered for patients with HIV-1 strains that are expected to be susceptible to the components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate  as  assessed by treatment history or by genotypic or phenotypic testing [see Microbiology (12.4)].

Study 934: Data through 144 weeks are reported for Study 934, a randomized, open-label, active-controlled multicenter trial comparing FTC + TDF administered in combination with EFV versus zidovudine/lamivudine fixed-dose combination administered in combination with EFV in 511 antiretroviral-naïve subjects. From Weeks 96 to 144 of the trial, subjects received FTC/TDF fixed-dose combination with EFV in place of FTC + TDF with EFV. Subjects had a mean age of 38 years (range 18 to 80); 86% were male, 59% were Caucasian, and 23% were Black. The mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 245 cells/mm³ (range 2 to 1191), and median baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 5.01 log₁₀ copies/mL (range 3.56 to 6.54). Subjects were stratified by baseline CD4+ cell count (< or ≥200 cells/mm³), and 41% had CD4+ cell counts <200 cells/mm³. Fifty-one percent (51%) of subjects had baseline viral loads >100,000 copies/mL. Treatment outcomes through 48 and 144 weeks for those subjects who did not have EFV resistance at baseline (N=487) are presented in Table 8.

Through Week 48, 84% and 73% of subjects in the FTC + TDF group and the zidovudine/lamivudine group, respectively, achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL (71% and 58% through Week 144). The difference in the proportion of subjects who achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL through 48 weeks largely results from the higher number of discontinuations due to adverse events and other reasons in the zidovudine/lamivudine group in this open-label trial. In addition, 80% and 70% of subjects in the FTC + TDF group and the zidovudine/lamivudine group, respectively, achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL through Week 48 (64% and 56% through Week 144). The mean increase from baseline in CD4+ cell count was 190 cells/mm³ in the FTC + TDF group and 158 cells/mm³ in the zidovudine/lamivudine group at Week 48 (312 and 271 cells/mm³ at Week 144).

Through 48 weeks, 7 subjects in the FTC + TDF group and 5 subjects in the zidovudine/lamivudine group experienced a new CDC Class C event (10 and 6 subjects through 144 weeks).

Study 073:  Study 073 was a 48-week open-label, randomized clinical trial in subjects with stable virologic suppression on combination antiretroviral therapy consisting of at least two NRTIs administered in combination with a protease inhibitor (with or without ritonavir) or a NNRTI.

To be enrolled, subjects were to have HIV-1 RNA <200 copies/mL for at least 12 weeks on their current regimen prior to trial entry with no known HIV-1 substitutions conferring resistance to the components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate  and no history of virologic failure.

The trial compared the efficacy of switching to efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or staying on the baseline antiretroviral regimen (SBR). Subjects were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to switch to efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate  (N=203) or stay on SBR (N=97). Subjects had a mean age of 43 years (range 22 to 73 years); 88% were male, 68% were white, 29% were Black or African-American, and 3% were of other races. At baseline, median CD4+ cell count was 516 cells/mm³,^{and 96% had HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL. The median time since onset of antiretroviral therapy was 3 years, and 88% of subjects were receiving their first antiretroviral regimen at trial enrollment.}

At Week 48, 89% and 87% of subjects who switched to efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate maintained HIV RNA <200 copies/mL and <50 copies/mL, respectively, compared to 88% and 85% who remained on SBR; this difference was not statistically significant. No changes in CD4+ cell counts from baseline to Week 48 were observed in either treatment arm.

Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate  Tablets are white to off-white, oval shaped, biconvex, film-coated tablets debossed with “I48” on one side and plain on the other side.

Bottles of 30 (with desiccant)                           NDC 65862-497-30

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]

• Keep container tightly closed.
• Dispense only in original container.

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information).

Severe Acute Exacerbation of Hepatitis B in Patients Coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV

Inform patients that severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who are coinfected with HBV and HIV-1 and have discontinued FTC or TDF, and may occur with discontinuation of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets. Advise patients not to discontinue efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets without first informing their healthcare provider. All patients should be tested for HBV infection before or when starting efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets and those who are infected with HBV need close medical follow-up for several months after stopping efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets to monitor for exacerbations of hepatitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Rash

Inform patients that a common side effect is rash, and that rashes usually go away without any change in treatment. However, since rash may be serious, advise patients to contact their physician promptly if rash occurs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

Hepatotoxicity

Inform patients to watch for early warning signs of liver inflammation or failure, such as fatigue, weakness, lack of appetite, nausea and vomiting, as well as later signs such as jaundice, confusion, abdominal swelling, and discolored feces, and to consult their health care professional without delay if such symptoms occur [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) and  Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

Drug Interactions

Advise patients that efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets may interact with many drugs; therefore, advise patients to report to their healthcare provider the use of any other medication, including other drugs for treatment of hepatitis C virus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) and Drug Interactions (7)].

Psychiatric Symptoms

• Inform patients that serious psychiatric symptoms including severe depression, suicide attempts, aggressive behavior, delusions, paranoia, psychosis-like symptoms, and catatonia have been reported in patients receiving EFV, a component of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].
• Advise patients to seek immediate medical evaluation if they experience severe psychiatric adverse experiences.
• Advise patients to inform their physician of any history of mental illness or substance abuse.



Nervous System Symptoms



• Inform patients that central nervous system symptoms (NSS) including dizziness, insomnia, impaired concentration, drowsiness, and abnormal dreams, are commonly reported during the first weeks of therapy with EFV, a component of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of these symptoms, which are likely to improve with continued therapy.
• Alert patients to the potential for additive effects when efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are used concomitantly with alcohol or psychoactive drugs. 
• Instruct patients that if they experience NSS to avoid potentially hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) and Dosage and Administration (2.2)].
• Inform patients that there is a risk of developing late-onset neurotoxicity, including ataxia and encephalopathy, which may occur months to years after beginning therapy with EFV, a component of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

New Onset or Worsening Renal Impairment




Inform patients that renal impairment, including cases of acute renal failure and Fanconi syndrome, has been reported. Advise patients to avoid using efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent (e.g., high-dose or multiple NSAIDs) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].




Embryo-Fetal Toxicity




Apprise patients of the potential harm to the fetus if efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are used during the first trimester of pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug. Instruct adults and adolescents of childbearing potential receiving efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets to avoid pregnancy and to notify their healthcare provider if they become pregnant or plan to become pregnant while taking efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)]. A reliable form of barrier contraception must always be used in combination with other methods of contraception, including oral or other hormonal contraception. Because of the long half-life of EFV, recommend use of adequate contraceptive measures for 12 weeks after discontinuation of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)].




Bone Loss and Mineralization Defects




Inform patients that decreases in bone mineral density have been observed with the use of TDF, a component of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets. Advise patients that bone mineral density monitoring may be performed in patients who have a history of pathologic bone fracture or other risk factors for osteoporosis or bone loss [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].




Convulsions




Inform patients that convulsions have been reported with the use of EFV, a component of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets. Patients who are receiving concomitant anticonvulsant medications primarily metabolized by the liver may require periodic monitoring of plasma levels [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10) and Drug Interactions (7.3)].




Lactic Acidosis and Severe Hepatomegaly




Inform patients that lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported. Treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical symptoms suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)].




Immune Reconstitution Syndrome




Inform patients that in some patients with advanced HIV infection (AIDS), signs and symptoms of inflammation from previous infections may occur soon after anti-HIV treatment is started. It is believed that these symptoms are due to an improvement in the body’s immune response, enabling the body to fight infections that may have been present with no obvious symptoms. Advise patients to inform their healthcare provider immediately of any symptoms of infection [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)].




Fat Redistribution




Inform patients that redistribution or accumulation of body fat may occur in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, including efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets and that the cause and long-term health effects of these conditions are not known [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)].




Dosing Instructions




Advise patients to take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets orally on an empty stomach and that it is important to take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets on a regular dosing schedule to avoid missing doses. Advise patients that dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of nervous system symptoms [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)].

Pregnancy Registry




Advise patients that there is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in patients exposed to efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets during pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].




Lactation




Instruct patients not to breastfeed because HIV-1 can be passed to the baby in the breast milk [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)].

Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Tablets

(eh FAH vih renz, em tri SIT uh bean and te NOE’ fo veer dye soe PROX il FYOU mar ate)

What are the most important information I should know about efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets?

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets can cause serious side effects, including:

• Worsening of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Your healthcare provider will test you for HBV before starting treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets. If you have HBV infection and take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets, your HBV may get worse (flare-up) if you stop taking efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets. A “flare-up” is when your HBV infection suddenly returns in a worse way than before. 
  • Do not stop taking efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets without first talking with your healthcare provider.
  • Do not run out of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets. Refill your prescription or talk to your healthcare provider before your efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are all gone.
  • If you stop taking efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets, your healthcare provider will need to check your health often and do blood tests regularly for several months to check your HBV infection, or give you a medication to treat hepatitis B. Tell your healthcare provider about any new or unusual symptoms you may have after you stop taking efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets.

  For more information about side effects see the section,“What are the possible side effects of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets?”

  
  

  What are efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets?

  
  

  Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablet is a prescription medicine that contains efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combined in 1 tablet. Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are used alone as a complete regimen, or in combination with other anti-HIV-1 medicines to treat people with HIV-1 infection who weigh at least 88 lbs (40 kg).

  
  

  It is not known if efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are safe and effective for use in children with HIV-1 infection who weigh less than 88 lbs (40 kg).

  
  

  Who should not take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets?

  Do not take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets if you:

  • are allergic to efavirenz
  • take the medicine called voriconazole, elbasvir or grazoprevir

  Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure if you take any of these medicines.

  
  

  Before taking efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:

  
  
  • have liver problems, including hepatitis B or C virus infection
  • have heart problems
  • have or have had mental problems
  • have a history of drug or alcohol abuse
  • have nervous system problems
  • have kidney problems or receive kidney dialysis treatment
  • have bone problems
  • have had seizures or take medicines used to treat seizures
  • are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets can harm your unborn baby. If you are able to become pregnant, your healthcare provider should do a pregnancy test before you start treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets. You should not become pregnant during treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets and for 12 weeks after stopping treatment. Tell your healthcare provider if you become pregnant or think you may be pregnant during treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets.
    • Females who are able to become pregnant should use 2 effective forms of birth control (contraception) during treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets and for 12 weeks after stopping treatment.
    • A barrier form of birth control should always be used along with another type of birth control. Barrier forms of birth control may include condoms, contraceptive sponges, diaphragm with spermicide, and cervical cap.
    • Birth control methods that contain the hormone progesterone such as birth control pills, injections, vaginal rings, or implants, may not work as well while taking efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets.
    • Talk to your healthcare provider about birth control methods that may be right for you during treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets.
    • Pregnancy Registry: There is a pregnancy registry for women who take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets during pregnancy. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the health of you and your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider about how you can take part in this registry.
    • are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate can pass into your breast milk. Do not breastfeed because of the risk of passing HIV-1 to your baby.

    Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements.

    
    

    Keep a list of your medicines and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.

    
    

    Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets and some medicines may interact with each other causing serious side effects.

    
    

    You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for a list of medicines that interact with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets. Do not start a new medicine without telling your healthcare provider. Your healthcare provider can tell you if it is safe to take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets with other medicines.

    
    

    How should I take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets?
    
    

    • Take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets exactly as your healthcare provider tells you to.
    • If you take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets with other medicines used to treat HIV-1, your healthcare provider will tell you what medicines to take and how to take them.
    • Take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets 1 time each day on an empty stomach. You should take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets at the same time each day.
    • Taking efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets at bedtime may make some side effects less bothersome.
    • Do not miss a dose of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets. Missing a dose lowers the amount of medicine in your blood. Refill your efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets prescription before you run out of medicine.
    • Do not change your efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets dose or stop taking efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets without first talking with your healthcare provider. Stay under a healthcare provider’s care during treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets.
    • If you take too much efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate,  call your healthcare provider or got to the nearest hospital emergency room right away.

    What should I avoid while taking efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets?

    • Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets can cause dizziness, impaired concentration and drowsiness. If you have these symptoms, do not drive a car, use heavy machinery, or do anything that requires you to be alert.

    What are the possible side effects of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets?

    
    

    Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets may cause serious side effects, including:

    • See “What is the most important information I should know about efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets?”
    • Rash. Rash is a serious side effect but may also be common. Rashes will usually go away without any change in your treatment. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you develop a rash during treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets.
    • Severe liver problems. In rare cases, severe liver problems can happen that can lead to death. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you get these symptoms: skin or the white part of your eyes turns yellow, dark “tea-colored” urine, light-colored stools, loss of appetite for several days or longer, nausea, or stomach-area pain.
    • Mental problems. Serious mental problems including severe depression, suicidal thoughts and actions, aggressive behavior, delusions, catatonia, and paranoid and manic reactions have happened in people who take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets. These mental health problems may happen more often in people who have a history of mental problems or drug use, or who take medicines to treat mental problems. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you develop serious mental problems during treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets.

            Nervous system problems. Nervous system problems usually begin during the first or second day of treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets and usually go away after 2 to 4 weeks of treatment. Some symptoms may occur months to years after beginning efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets therapy. These symptoms may become more severe if you drink alcohol or take mood altering (street) drugs while taking efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you develop nervous system problems during treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets. Symptoms of nervous system problems may include:

    • dizziness
    • problems concentrating   
    • abnormal dreams                 
    • unusually happy mood         
    • agitation                                 
    • thought problems
    • slow thoughts and physical movement
    • problems sleeping
    • excessive sleepiness or difficulty awakening
    • seeing or hearing things that are not real (hallucinations)
    • confusion
    • memory problems
    • lack of coordination or difficulty with balance

          If you have dizziness, trouble concentrating or sleepiness, do not drive a car, use machinery, or do anything that needs you to be alert.

    • New or worse kidney problems, including kidney failure. Your healthcare provider should do blood and urine tests to check your kidneys before you start and during treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets. Your healthcare provider may tell you to stop taking efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets if you develop new or worse kidney problems during treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets.
    • Bone problems can happen in some people who take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets. Bone problems include bone pain or softening or thinning of bones, which may lead to fractures. Your healthcare provider may need to do tests to check your bones.
    • Seizures. Your healthcare provider may do blood tests during treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets if you take certain medicines used to prevent seizures.
    • Too much lactic acid in your blood (lactic acidosis). Too much lactic acid is a serious but rare medical emergency that can lead to death. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you develop any of these symptoms: 
      • weakness or being more tired than usual          
      • being short of breath or fast breathing              
      • cold or blue hands and feet                               
      • fast or abnormal heartbeat
      • unusual muscle pain
      • stomach pain with nausea and vomiting
      • feel dizzy or lightheaded
      • Changes in your immune system (Immune Reconstitution Syndrome) can happen when an HIV-1 infected person starts taking HIV-1 medicines. Your immune system may get stronger and begin to fight infections that have been hidden in your body for a long time. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you develop any new symptoms after starting treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets.
      • Changes in body fat. Changes in body fat distribution or accumulation have happened in some people taking HIV-1 medicines, including an increased amount of fat in the upper back and neck ("buffalo hump"), in the breasts, and around the trunk. Loss of fat from the legs, arms, and face may also happen. The cause and long-term health effects of these body fat changes are not known.

      The most common side effects of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets include:

      
      
      • diarrhea                                                  
      • tiredness
      • dizziness
      • problems sleeping
      • rash
      • nausea
      • headache
      • depression
      • abnormal dreams

      These are not all the possible side effects of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets.

      
      

      Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at
      1-800-FDA-1088.

      
      

      How should I store efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets?

      • Store efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).
      • Keep efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets in its original container and keep the container tightly closed.

      Keep efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets and all other medicines out of reach of children.

      General information about the safe and effective use of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets.

      Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets that is written for health professionals.

      
      

      What are the ingredients of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets?

      Active Ingredients: efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

      
      

      Inactive Ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium lauryl sulfate. The film coating contains polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, talc, and titanium dioxide.

      Distributed by:
      Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc.
      279 Princeton-Hightstown Road
      East Windsor, NJ 08520
       

      Manufactured by:
      Aurobindo Pharma Limited
      Hyderabad-500 038, India

      
      

      Revised: 12/2019

      
      

      For more information, call Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc. at 1-866-850-2876.

      
      

      The brands listed are the trademarks of their respective owners and are not trademarks of the Aurobindo Pharma Limited.

      
      

      This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.   

NDC 65862-497-30
Rx only 
Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir
Disoproxil Fumarate Tablets
600 mg/200 mg/300 mg
PHARMACIST: Do not cover ALERT box with pharmacy label.
ALERT: Find out about medicines that should NOT be taken with
efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets
AUROBINDO               30 Tablets

Package Label-principal Display Panel (600 mg/200 mg/300 mg (30 Tablet Bottle))