The following Structured Product Label (SPL) was submitted to the FDA by Pd-rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. for the product Fenofibrate (NDC 72789-310). This document serves as the official prescribing information, containing essential scientific data and clinical materials required for healthcare providers and patients.
This specific version of the label includes detailed information regarding 1.1 primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia, 1.2 severe hypertriglyceridemia, 1.3 important limitations of use, 2.1 general considerations, 2.2 primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia, 2.3 severe hypertriglyceridemia, 2.4 impaired renal function, 2.5 geriatric patients, and other regulatory disclosures. Use the navigation below to review specific sections of the FDA submission.
Fenofibrate capsules, USP are indicated as adjunctive therapy to diet to reduce elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (Total-C), triglycerides (TG), and apolipoprotein B (Apo B), and to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in adult patients with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia.
Fenofibrate capsules, USP are also indicated as adjunctive therapy to diet for treatment of adult patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. Improving glycemic control in diabetic patients showing fasting chylomicronemia will usually reduce fasting triglycerides and eliminate chylomicronemia thereby obviating the need for pharmacologic intervention.
Markedly elevated levels of serum triglycerides (e.g > 2,000 mg/dL) may increase the risk of developing pancreatitis. The effect of fenofibrate therapy on reducing this risk has not been adequately studied.
Fenofibrate was not shown to reduce coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Patients should be placed on an appropriate lipid-lowering diet before receiving fenofibrate capsules, and should continue this diet during treatment with fenofibrate capsules. Fenofibrate capsules can be given without regard to meals.
Patients should be advised to swallow fenofibrate capsules whole. Do not open, crush, dissolve or chew capsules.
The initial treatment for dyslipidemia is dietary therapy specific for the type of lipoprotein abnormality. Excess body weight and excess alcoholic intake may be important factors in hypertriglyceridemia and should be addressed prior to any drug therapy. Physical exercise can be an important ancillary measure. Diseases contributory to hyperlipidemia, such as hypothyroidism or diabetes mellitus should be looked for and adequately treated. Estrogen therapy, thiazide diuretics and beta-blockers are sometimes associated with massive rises in plasma triglycerides, especially in subjects with familial hypertriglyceridemia. In such cases, discontinuation of the specific etiologic agent may obviate the need for specific drug therapy of hypertriglyceridemia .
Lipid levels should be monitored periodically and consideration should be given to reducing the dosage of fenofibrate capsules if lipid levels fall significantly below the targeted range.
Therapy should be withdrawn in patients who do not have an adequate response after two months of treatment with the maximum recommended dose of 130 mg once daily.
The initial dose of fenofibrate capsules is 130 mg per day.
The initial dose is 43 to 130 mg per day. Dosage should be individualized according to patient response, and should be adjusted if necessary following repeat lipid determinations at 4 to 8 week intervals. The maximum dose is 130 mg per day.
Treatment with fenofibrate capsules should be initiated at a dose of 43 mg per day in patients having mild to moderately impaired renal function, and increased only after evaluation of the effects on renal function and lipid levels at this dose. The use of fenofibrate capsules should be avoided in patients with severe renal impairment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Dose selection for the elderly should be made on the basis of renal function [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Fenofibrate is contraindicated in:
The effects of fenofibrate on coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality and non-cardiovascular mortality have not been established.
The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Lipid (ACCORD Lipid) trial was a randomized placebo-controlled study of 5518 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on background statin therapy treated with fenofibrate. The mean duration of follow-up was 4.7 years. Fenofibrate plus statin combination therapy showed a non-significant 8% relative risk reduction in the primary outcome of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a composite of non-fatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, and cardiovascular disease death (hazard ratio [HR] 0.92, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.08) (p = 0.32) as compared to statin monotherapy. In a gender subgroup analysis, the hazard ratio for MACE in men receiving combination therapy versus statin monotherapy was 0.82 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.99), and the hazard ratio for MACE in women receiving combination therapy versus statin monotherapy was 1.38 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.94) (interaction p = 0.01). The clinical significance of this subgroup finding is unclear.
The Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study was a 5-year randomized, placebo-controlled study of 9795 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with fenofibrate. Fenofibrate demonstrated a non-significant 11% relative reduction in the primary outcome of coronary heart disease events (hazard ratio [HR] 0.89, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.05, p = 0.16) and a significant 11% reduction in the secondary outcome of total cardiovascular disease events (HR 0.89 [0.80 to 0.99], p = 0.04). There was a non-significant 11% (HR 1.11 [0.95, 1.29], p = 0.18) and 19% (HR 1.19 [0.90, 1.57], p = 0.22) increase in total and coronary heart disease mortality, respectively, with fenofibrate as compared to placebo.
Because of chemical, pharmacological, and clinical similarities between fenofibrate tablets, clofibrate, and gemfibrozil, the adverse findings in 4 large randomized, placebo-controlled clinical studies with these other fibrate drugs may also apply to fenofibrate.
In the Coronary Drug Project, a large study of post myocardial infarction of patients treated for 5 years with clofibrate, there was no difference in mortality seen between the clofibrate group and the placebo group. There was however, a difference in the rate of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis requiring surgery between the two groups (3% vs. 1.8%).
In a study conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO), 5000 subjects without known coronary artery disease were treated with placebo or clofibrate for 5 years and followed for an additional one year. There was a statistically significant, higher age-adjusted all-cause mortality in the clofibrate group compared with the placebo group (5.70% vs. 3.96%, p ≤ 0.01). Excess mortality was due to a 33% increase in non-cardiovascular causes, including malignancy, post-cholecystectomy complications, and pancreatitis. This appeared to confirm the higher risk of gallbladder disease seen in clofibrate-treated patients studied in the Coronary Drug Project.
The Helsinki Heart Study was a large (n = 4081) study of middle-aged men without a history of coronary artery disease. Subjects received either placebo or gemfibrozil for 5 years, with a 3.5 year open extension afterward. Total mortality was numerically higher in the gemfibrozil randomization group but did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.19, 95% confidence interval for relative risk G:P = 0.91 to 1.64). Although cancer deaths trended higher in the gemfibrozil group (p = 0.11), cancers (excluding basal cell carcinoma) were diagnosed with equal frequency in both study groups. Due to the limited size of the study, the relative risk of death from any cause was not shown to be different than that seen in the 9 year follow-up data from the WHO study (RR = 1.29).
A secondary prevention component of the Helsinki Heart Study enrolled middle-aged men excluded from the primary prevention study because of known or suspected coronary heart disease. Subjects received gemfibrozil or placebo for 5 years. Although cardiac deaths trended higher in the gemfibrozil group, this was not statistically significant (hazard ratio 2.2, 95% confidence interval: 0.94 to 5.05).
Serious drug-induced liver injury (DILI), including liver transplantation and death, have been reported postmarketing with fenofibrate. DILI has been reported within the first few weeks of treatment or after several months of therapy and in some cases has reversed with discontinuation of fenofibrate treatment. Patients with DILI have experienced signs and symptoms including dark urine, abnormal stool, jaundice, malaise, abdominal pain, myalgia, weight loss, pruritus, and nausea. Many patients had concurrent elevations of total bilirubin, serum alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST). DILI has been characterized as hepatocellular, chronic active, and cholestatic hepatitis, and cirrhosis has occurred in association with chronic active hepatitis.
In clinical trials, fenofibrate at doses equivalent to 130 mg fenofibrate daily has been associated with increases in serum AST or ALT. The incidence of increases in transaminases may be dose related [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
Fenofibrate is contraindicated in patients with active liver disease, including those with primary biliary cirrhosis and unexplained persistent liver function abnormalities [see Contraindications (4)]. Monitor patient’s liver function, including serum ALT, AST, and total bilirubin, at baseline and periodically for the duration of therapy with fenofibrate. Discontinue fenofibrate if signs or symptoms of liver injury develop or if elevated enzyme levels persist (ALT or AST > 3 times the upper limit of normal, or if accompanied by elevation of bilirubin). Do not restart fenofibrate in these patients if there is no alternative explanation for the liver injury.
Fibrates increase the risk for myopathy, and have been associated with rhabdomyolysis. The risk for serious muscle toxicity appears to be increased in elderly patients and in patients with diabetes, renal failure, or hypothyroidism.
Data from observational studies suggest that the risk for rhabdomyolysis is increased when fibrates, in particularly gemfibrozil, are co-administered with a statin. The combination should be avoided unless the benefit of further alterations in lipid levels is likely to outweigh the increased risk of this drug combination [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Myopathy should be considered in any patient with diffuse myalgias, muscle tenderness or weakness, and/or marked elevations of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels.
Patients should be advised to report promptly unexplained muscle pain, tenderness or weakness, particularly if accompanied by malaise or fever. CPK levels should be assessed in patients reporting these symptoms, and fenofibrate therapy should be discontinued if markedly elevated CPK levels occur or myopathy/myositis is suspected or diagnosed.
Cases of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis, have been reported with fenofibrates co-administered with colchicine, and caution should be exercised when prescribing fenofibrate with colchicine [see Drug Interactions (7.4)].
Elevations in serum creatinine have been reported in patients on fenofibrate. These elevations tend to return to baseline following discontinuation of fenofibrate. The clinical significance of these observations is unknown. Monitor renal function in patients with renal impairment taking fenofibrate. Renal monitoring should also be considered for patients taking fenofibrate at risk for renal insufficiency such as the elderly and patients with diabetes.
Fenofibrate, like clofibrate and gemfibrozil, may increase cholesterol excretion into the bile, leading to cholelithiasis. If cholelithiasis is suspected, gallbladder studies are indicated. Fenofibrate therapy should be discontinued if gallstones are found.
Caution should be exercised when anticoagulants are given in conjunction with fenofibrate because of the potentiation of coumarin-type anti-coagulants in prolonging the prothrombin time/International Normalized Ratio (PT/INR). To prevent bleeding complications, frequent monitoring of PT/INR and dose adjustment of the anticoagulant are recommended until PT/INR has stabilized [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].
Pancreatitis has been reported in patients taking fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, and clofibrate. This occurrence may represent a failure of efficacy in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia, a direct drug effect, or a secondary phenomenon mediated through biliary tract stone or sludge formation with obstruction of the common bile duct.
Mild to moderate hemoglobin, hematocrit, and white blood cell decreases have been observed in patients following initiation of fenofibrate therapy. However, these levels stabilize during long-term administration. Thrombocytopenia and agranulocytosis have been reported in individuals treated with fenofibrate. Periodic monitoring of red and white blood cell counts are recommended during the first 12 months of fenofibrate administration.
Acute Hypersensitivity
Anaphylaxis and angioedema have been reported postmarketing with fenofibrate. In some cases, reactions were life-threatening and required emergency treatment. If a patient develops signs or symptoms of an acute hypersensitivity reaction, advise them to seek immediate medical attention and discontinue fenofibrate.
Delayed Hypersensitivity
Severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCAR), including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, and Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), have been reported postmarketing, occurring days to weeks after initiation of fenofibrate. The cases of DRESS were associated with cutaneous reactions (such as rash or exfoliative dermatitis) and a combination of eosinophilia, fever, systemic organ involvement (renal, hepatic, or respiratory). Discontinue fenofibrate and treat patients appropriately if SCAR is suspected.
In the FIELD trial, pulmonary embolus (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) were observed at higher rates in the fenofibrate than the placebo-treated group. Of 9795 patients enrolled in FIELD, there were 4900 in the placebo group and 4895 in the fenofibrate group. For DVT, there were 48 events (1%) in the placebo group and 67 (1%) in the fenofibrate group (p = 0.074); and for PE, there were 32 (0.7%) events in the placebo group and 53 (1%) in the fenofibrate group (p = 0.022).
In the Coronary Drug Project, a higher proportion of the clofibrate group experienced definite or suspected fatal or nonfatal pulmonary embolism or thrombophlebitis than the placebo group (5.2% vs. 3.3% at five years; p < 0.01).
There have been postmarketing and clinical trial reports of severe decreases in HDL cholesterol levels (as low as 2 mg/dL) occurring in diabetic and non-diabetic patients initiated on fibrate therapy. The decrease in HDL-C is mirrored by a decrease in apolipoprotein A1. This decrease has been reported to occur within 2 weeks to years after initiation of fibrate therapy. The HDL-C levels remain depressed until fibrate therapy has been withdrawn; the response to withdrawal of fibrate therapy is rapid and sustained. The clinical significance of this decrease in HDL-C is unknown. It is recommended that HDL-C levels be checked within the first few months after initiation of fibrate therapy. If a severely depressed HDL-C level is detected, fibrate therapy should be withdrawn, and the HDL-C level monitored until it has returned to baseline, and fibrate therapy should not be re-initiated.
The following serious adverse reactions are described below and elsewhere in the labeling:
Because clinical studies are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical studies of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical studies of another drug and may not reflect rates observed in clinical practice.
Adverse events reported by 2% or more of patients treated with fenofibrate and greater than placebo during double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, regardless of causality, are listed in Table 1. Adverse reactions led to discontinuation of treatment in 5% of patients treated with fenofibrate and in 3% treated with placebo. Increases in liver function tests were the most frequent events, causing discontinuation of fenofibrate treatment in 1.6% of patients in double-blind trials.
| *Dosage equivalent to 130 mg fenofibrate | ||
| **Significantly different from placebo | ||
| Urticaria was seen in 1.1 vs. 0%, and rash in 1.4 vs. 0.8% of fenofibrate and placebo patients, respectively, in controlled trials. | ||
| Fenofibrate* (N = 439) | Placebo (N = 365) |
Body As A Whole | ||
| 4.6% | 4.4% |
| 3.4% | 2.5% |
| 3.2% | 2.7% |
Digestive | ||
| 7.5%** | 1.4% |
| 2.3% | 1.9% |
| 2.1% | 1.4% |
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders | ||
| 3.4%** | 0.5% |
| 3% | 1.6% |
| 3% | 1.4% |
Respiratory | ||
| 6.2% | 5.5% |
| 2.3% | 1.1% |
Increases in Liver Enzymes
In a pooled analysis of 10 placebo-controlled trials, increases to >3 times the upper limit of normal in ALT occurred in 5.3% of patients taking fenofibrate at doses equivalent to 130 mg fenofibrate daily versus 1.1% of patients treated with placebo.
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of fenofibrate. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure: myalgia, rhabdomyolysis, pancreatitis, renal failure, muscle spasms, acute renal failure, hepatitis, cirrhosis, increased total bilirubin, anemia, arthralgia, asthenia, severely depressed HDL-cholesterol levels, and interstitial lung disease. Photosensitivity reactions have occurred days to months after initiation; in some of these cases, patients reported a prior photosensitivity reaction to ketoprofen.
Potentiation of coumarin-type anticoagulant effects has been observed with prolongation of the PT/INR.
Caution should be exercised when coumarin anticoagulants are given in conjunction with fenofibrate. The dosage of the anticoagulants should be reduced to maintain the PT/INR at the desired level to prevent bleeding complications. Frequent PT/INR determinations are advisable until it has been definitely determined that the PT/INR has stabilized [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].
Immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus can produce nephrotoxicity with decrease in creatinine clearance and because renal excretion is the primary elimination route of fibrate drugs including fenofibrate, there is a risk that an interaction will lead to deterioration of renal function. The benefits and risks of using fenofibrate with immunosuppressants and other potentially nephrotoxic agents should be carefully considered, and the lowest effective dose employed.
Since bile acid binding resins may bind other drugs given concurrently, patients should take fenofibrate at least 1 hour before or 4 to 6 hours after a bile acid binding resin to avoid impeding its absorption.
Cases of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis, have been reported with fenofibrates co-administered with colchicine, and caution should be exercised when prescribing fenofibrate with colchicine.
Pregnancy Category: C
Safety in pregnant women has not been established. There are no adequate and well controlled studies of fenofibrate in pregnant women. Fenofibrate should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
In female rats given oral dietary doses of 15, 75, and 300 mg/kg/day of fenofibrate from 15 days prior to mating through weaning, maternal toxicity was observed at 0.3 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD), based on body surface area comparisons; mg/m 2.
In pregnant rats given oral dietary doses of 14, 127, and 361 mg/kg/day from gestation day 6 to 15 during the period of organogenesis, adverse developmental findings were not observed at 14 mg/kg/day (less than 1 times the MRHD, based on body surface area comparisons; mg/m 2). At higher multiples of human doses, evidence of maternal toxicity was observed.
In pregnant rabbits given oral gavage doses of 15, 150, and 300 mg/kg/day from gestation day 6 to 18 during the period of organogenesis and allowed to deliver, aborted litters were observed at 150 mg/kg/day (10 times the MRHD, based on body surface area comparisons; mg/m 2). No developmental findings were observed at 15 mg/kg/day (at less than 1 times the MRHD, based on body surface area comparisons; mg/m 2).
In pregnant rats given oral dietary doses of 15, 75, and 300 mg/kg/day from gestation day 15 through lactation day 21 (weaning), maternal toxicity was observed at less than 1 times the MRHD, based on body surface area comparisons; mg/m 2.
Fenofibrate should not be used in nursing mothers. A decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Safety and effectiveness have not been established in pediatric patients.
Fenofibric acid is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Fenofibric acid exposure is not influenced by age. Since elderly patients have a higher incidence of renal impairment, dose selection for the elderly should be made on the basis of renal function [see Dosage and Administration (2.5) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Elderly patients with normal renal function should require no dose modifications. Consider monitoring renal function in elderly patients taking fenofibrate.
Fenofibrate should be avoided in patients with severe renal impairment [see Contraindications (4)]. Dose reduction is required in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Monitoring renal function in patients with renal impairment is recommended.
The use of fenofibrate has not been evaluated in subjects with hepatic impairment [see Contraindications (4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
There is no specific treatment for overdose with fenofibrate. General supportive care of the patient is indicated, including monitoring of vital signs and observation of clinical status, should an overdose occur. If indicated, elimination of unabsorbed drug should be achieved by emesis or gastric lavage; usual precautions should be observed to maintain the airway. Because fenofibrate is highly bound to plasma proteins, hemodialysis should not be considered.
Fenofibrate capsules, USP, is a lipid regulating agent available as capsules for oral administration. Each capsule contains 43 mg or 130 mg of fenofibrate (micronized), USP. The chemical name for fenofibrate is 2-[4-(4-chlorobenzoyl) phenoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid, l-methylethyl ester with the following structural formula:
Structure (Structure)
The molecular formula is C 20H 21O 4Cl and the molecular weight is 360.83; fenofibrate (micronized), USP is practically insoluble in water, very soluble in methylene chloride, slightly soluble in alcohol. The melting point is 79° to 82° C. Fenofibrate (micronized), USP is a white or almost white crystalline powder.
Inactive Ingredients: Each gelatin capsule contains hypromellose, pregelatinized starch (maize), simethicone emulsion, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium stearyl fumarate and talc. The gelatin capsules also contain gelatin and titanium dioxide. The imprinting ink contains ferric oxide black, potassium hydroxide, propylene glycol, and shellac.
Meets USP Dissolution Test 2.
The active moiety of fenofibrate is fenofibric acid. The pharmacological effects of fenofibric acid in both animals and humans have been extensively studied through oral administration of fenofibrate.
The lipid-lowering effects of fenofibric acid seen in clinical practice have been explained in vivo in transgenic mice and in vitro in human hepatocyte cultures by the activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPAR α). Through this mechanism, fenofibrate increases lipolysis and elimination of triglyceride-rich particles from plasma by activating lipoprotein lipase and reducing production of apoprotein C-III (an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase activity). The resulting decrease in triglycerides produces an alteration in the size and composition of LDL from small, dense particles (which are thought to be atherogenic due to their susceptibility to oxidation) to large buoyant particles. These larger particles have a greater affinity for cholesterol receptors and are catabolized rapidly. Activation of PPARα also induces an increase in the synthesis of apoproteins A-I, A-II and HDL-cholesterol.
Fenofibrate also reduces serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemic and normal individuals by increasing the urinary excretion of uric acid.
A variety of clinical studies have demonstrated that elevated levels of total-C, DL-C, and Apo B, an LDL membrane complex, are associated with human atherosclerosis. Similarly, decreased levels of HDL-C and its transport complex, apolipoprotein A (Apo AI and Apo AII) are associated with the development of atherosclerosis. Epidemiologic investigations have established that cardiovascular morbidity and mortality vary directly with the level of total-C, LDL-C, and triglycerides, and inversely with the level of HDL-C. The independent effect of raising HDL-C or lowering TG on the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has not been determined.
Fenofibric acid, the active metabolite of fenofibrate, produces reductions in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, total triglycerides, and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein in treated patients. In addition, treatment with fenofibrate results in increases in high density lipoprotein (HDL) and apoproteins Apo AI and Apo AII.
Fenofibrate is a pro-drug of the active chemical moiety fenofibric acid. Fenofibrate is converted by ester hydrolysis in the body to fenofibric acid which is the active constituent measurable in the circulation.
Doses of three-capsules of 43 mg fenofibrate given concurrently were dose equivalent to single-capsule doses of 130 mg.
The extent of absorption of fenofibric acid was unaffected when fenofibrate was taken either in fasted state or with a low-fat meal. However, the C max of fenofibrate increased in the presence of a low-fat meal. T max was unaffected in the presence of a low-fat meal. In the presence of a high-fat meal, there was a 26% increase in AUC and 108% increase in C max of fenofibric acid from fenofibrate relative to fasting state.
Fenofibric acid is primarily conjugated with glucuronic acid and then excreted in urine. A small amount of fenofibric acid is reduced at the carbonyl moiety to a benzhydrol metabolite which is, in turn, conjugated with glucuronic acid and excreted in urine.
In vivo metabolism data indicate that neither fenofibrate nor fenofibric acid undergo oxidative metabolism (e.g, cytochrome P450) to a significant extent.
Fenofibrate acid from fenofibrate is eliminated with a half-life of 23 hours, allowing once daily dosing.
Hepatic Impairment: No pharmacokinetic studies have been conducted in patients having hepatic impairment.
Drug-Drug Interactions: In vitro studies using human liver microsomes indicate that fenofibrate and fenofibric acid are not inhibitors of cytochrome (CYP) P450 isoforms CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, or CYP1A2. They are weak inhibitor of CYP2C8, CYP2C19 and CYP2A6, and mild-to-moderate inhibitors of CYP2C9 at therapeutic concentrations.
Table 2 describes the effects of co-administered drugs on fenofibric acid systemic exposure. Table 3 describes the effects of co-administered fenofibric acid on exposure to other drugs.
Table 2 Effects of Co-Administered Drugs on Fenofibric Acid Systemic Exposure from Fenofibrate or Fenofibrate Administration
Co-Administered Drug | Dosage Regimen of Co- Administered Drug | Dosage Regimen of Fenofibrate | Changes in Fenofibric Acid Exposure | |
AUC | C max | |||
No dosing adjustments required for fenofibrate with the following co-administered drugs | ||||
Lipid-lowing agents | ||||
Atorvastatin |
|
| ↓2% | ↓4% |
Pravastatin |
|
| ↓1% | ↓2% |
Fluvastatin |
|
| ↓2% | ↓10% |
Anti-diabetic agents | ||||
Glimepiride |
|
| ↑1% | ↓1% |
Metformin |
|
| ↓9% | ↓6% |
Rosiglitazone |
|
| ↑10% | ↑3% |
1 Fenofibrate oral tablet
2 Fenofibrate oral micronized capsule
Table 3 Effects of Fenofibrate or Fenofibrate Co-Administration on Systemic Exposure of Other Drugs
| Dosage Regimen of Co-Administered Drug | Changes in Co-Administered Drug Exposure | ||
Analyte | AUC | C max | ||
No dosing adjustments required for these co-administered drugs with fenofibrate | ||||
Lipid-lowing agents | ||||
Fenofibrate 160 mg 1 once daily for 10 days |
| Atorvastatin | ↓17% | 0% |
Fenofibrate 3 x 67 mg 2 as a single dose |
| Pravastatin | ↑13% | ↑13% |
3α-Hydroxyl-iso- pravastatin | ↑26% | ↑29% | ||
Fenofibrate 160 mg 1 once daily for 10 days |
| Pravastatin | ↑28% | ↑36% |
3α-Hydroxyl-iso- pravastatin | ↑39% | ↑55% | ||
Fenofibrate 160 mg 1 as a single dose |
| (+)-3R, 5S-Fluvastatin | ↑15% | ↑16% |
Anti-diabetic agents | ||||
Fenofibrate 145 mg 1 once daily for 10 days | Glimepiride, 1 mg once daily as a single dose | Glimepiride | ↑35% | ↑18% |
Fenofibrate 54 mg 1 three times daily for 10 days | Metformin, 850 mg three times daily for 10 days | Metformin | ↑3% | ↑6% |
Fenofibrate 145 mg 1 once daily for 14 days | Rosiglitazone, 8 mg once daily for 5 days | Rosiglitazone | ↑6% | ↓1% |
1 Fenofibrate oral tablet
2 Fenofibrate oral micronized capsule
Two dietary carcinogenicity studies have been conducted in rats with fenofibrate. In the first 24-month study, Wistar rats were dosed with fenofibrate at 10, 45, and 200 mg/kg/day, approximately 0.3, 1, and 6 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD), based on body surface area comparisons (mg/m 2). At a dose of 200 mg/kg/day (at 6 times the MRHD), the incidence of liver carcinomas was significantly increased in both sexes. A statistically significant increase in pancreatic carcinomas was observed in males at 1 and 6 times the MRHD; an increase in pancreatic adenomas and benign testicular interstitial cell tumors was observed at 6 times the MRHD in males. In a second 24-month rat carcinogenicity study in a different strain of rats (Sprague-Dawley), doses of 10 and 60 mg/kg/day (0.3 and 2 times the MRHD) produced significant increases in the incidence of pancreatic acinar adenomas in both sexes and increases in testicular interstitial cell tumors in males at 2 times the MRHD.
A 117-week carcinogenicity study was conducted in rats comparing three drugs: fenofibrate 10 and 60 mg/kg/day (0.3 and 2 times the MRHD), clofibrate (400 mg/kg/day; 2 times the human dose), and gemfibrozil (250 mg/kg/day; 2 times the human dose, based on mg/m 2 surface area). Fenofibrate increased pancreatic acinar adenomas in both sexes. Clofibrate increased hepatocellular carcinoma and pancreatic acinar adenomas in males and hepatic neoplastic nodules in females. Gemfibrozil increased hepatic neoplastic nodules in males and females, while all three drugs increased testicular interstitial cell tumors in males.
In a 21-month study in CF-1 mice, fenofibrate 10, 45, and 200 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.2, 1, and 3 times the MRHD on the basis of mg/m 2 surface area) significantly increased the liver carcinomas in both sexes at 3 times the MRHD. In a second 18-month study at 10, 60, and 200 mg/kg/day, fenofibrate significantly increased the liver carcinomas in male mice and liver adenomas in female mice at 3 times the MRHD.
Electron microscopy studies have demonstrated peroxisomal proliferation following fenofibrate administration to the rat. An adequate study to test for peroxisome proliferation in humans has not been done, but changes in peroxisome morphology and numbers have been observed in humans after treatment with other members of the fibrate class when liver biopsies were compared before and after treatment in the same individual.
Mutagenesis:
Fenofibrate has been demonstrated to be devoid of mutagenic potential in the following tests: Ames, mouse lymphoma, chromosomal aberration and unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes.
Impairment of Fertility:
In fertility studies rats were given oral dietary doses of fenofibrate, males received 61 days prior to mating and females 15 days prior to mating through weaning which resulted in no adverse effect on fertility at doses up to 300 mg/kg/day (~10 times the MRHD, based on mg/m
2 surface area comparisons).
The effects of fenofibrate at a dose equivalent to 130 mg fenofibrate per day were assessed from four randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group studies including patients with the following mean baseline lipid values: total-C 306.9 mg/dL; LDL-C 213.8 mg/dL; HDL-C 52.3 mg/dL; and triglycerides 191 mg/dL. Fenofibrate therapy lowered LDL-C, Total-C, and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. Fenofibrate therapy also lowered triglycerides and raised HDL-C (See Table 4).
| † Duration of study treatment was 3 to 6 months. | ||||
| * p = < 0.05 vs. placebo | ||||
Treatment Group | Total-C | LDL-C | HDL-C | TG |
Pooled Cohort | ||||
Mean baseline lipid values (N = 646) | 306.9 mg/dL | 213.8 mg/dL | 52.3 mg/dL | 191 mg/dL |
| -18.7% * | -20.6% * | +11% * | -28.9% * |
| -0.4% | -2.2% | +0.7% | +7.7% |
Baseline LDL-C > 160 mg/dL and TG < 150 mg/dL (Type IIa) | ||||
Mean baseline lipid values (N = 334) | 307.7 mg/dL | 227.7 mg/dL | 58.1 mg/dL | 101.7 mg/dL |
| -22.4% * | -31.4% * | +9.8% * | -23.5% * |
| +0.2% | -2.2% | +2.6% | +11.7% |
Baseline LDL-C > 160 mg/dL and TG ≥150 mg/dL (Type IIb) | ||||
Mean baseline lipid values (N = 242) | 312.8 mg/dL | 219.8 mg/dL | 46.7 mg/dL | 231.9 mg/dL |
| -16.8% * | -20.1% * | +14.6% * | -35.9% * |
| -3% | -6.6% | +2.3% | +0.9% |
In a subset of the subjects, measurements of Apo B were conducted. Fenofibrate treatment significantly reduced Apo B from baseline to endpoint as compared with placebo (-25.1% vs. 2.4%, p < 0.0001, n = 213 and 143 respectively).
The effects of fenofibrate on serum triglycerides were studied in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of 147 hypertriglyceridemic patients. Patients were treated for eight weeks under protocols that differed only in that one entered patients with baseline TG levels of 500 to 1500 mg/dL, and the other TG levels of 350 to 499 mg/dL. In patients with hypertriglyceridemia and normal cholesterolemia with or without hyperchylomicronemia, treatment with fenofibrate at dosages equivalent to 130 mg fenofibrate per day decreased primarily very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol Treatment of patients with elevated triglycerides often results in an increase of LDL-C (See Table 5).
| * p < 0.05 vs. placebo | ||||||||
Study 1 | Placebo | Fenofibrate | ||||||
Baseline TG levels 350 to 499 mg/dL | N | Baseline (mean) | Endpoint (mean) | % Change (mean) | N |
|
|
|
Triglycerides | 28 | 449 | 450 | -0.5 | 27 | 432 | 223 | -46.2 * |
VLDL Triglycerides | 19 | 367 | 350 | 2.7 | 19 | 350 | 178 | -44.1 * |
Total Cholesterol | 28 | 255 | 261 | 2.8 | 27 | 252 | 227 | -9.1 * |
HDL Cholesterol | 28 | 35 | 36 | 4 | 27 | 34 | 40 | 19.6 * |
LDL Cholesterol | 28 | 120 | 129 | 1.2 | 27 | 128 | 137 | 14.5 |
VLDL Cholesterol | 27 | 99 | 99 | 5.8 | 27 | 92 | 46 | -44.7 * |
Study 2 | Placebo | Fenofibrate | ||||||
Baseline TG levels 500 to 1500 mg/dL | N | Baseline (mean) | Endpoint (mean) | % Change (mean) | N |
|
|
|
Triglycerides | 44 | 710 | 750 | 7.2 | 48 | 726 | 308 | -54.5 * |
VLDL Triglycerides | 29 | 537 | 571 | 18.7 | 33 | 543 | 205 | -50.6 * |
Total Cholesterol | 44 | 272 | 271 | 0.4 | 48 | 261 | 223 | -13.8 * |
HDL Cholesterol | 44 | 27 | 28 | 5 | 48 | 30 | 36 | 22.9 * |
LDL Cholesterol | 42 | 100 | 90 | -4.2 | 45 | 103 | 131 | 45 * |
VLDL Cholesterol | 42 | 137 | 142 | 11 | 45 | 126 | 54 | -49.4 * |
The effect of fenofibrate on serum triglycerides was studied in a double-blind, randomized, 3 arm parallel-group trial of 146. The study population was comprised of 61% male and 39% female patients. Approximately 70% of patients had hypertension and 32% had diabetes. Patients were treated for eight weeks with either fenofibrate 130 mg taken once daily with meals, fenofibrate 130 mg taken once daily between meals, or placebo. Fenofibrate 130 mg, whether taken with meals or between meals, had comparable effects on TG and all lipid parameters (See Table 6).
| * p ≤ 0.05 vs placebo | |||||||||||||||
| ** p ≤ 0.05 vs placebo (log transformed data) | |||||||||||||||
Placebo (n = 50) | Fenofibrate with meals (n = 54) | Fenofibrate between meals (n = 42) | |||||||||||||
Baseline mg/dL (mean) | % Change at endpoint (mean) | Baseline mg/dL (mean) | % Change at endpoint (mean) | Baseline mg/dL (mean) | % Change at endpoint (mean) | ||||||||||
Triglycerides | 479 | +0.7 | 475 | -36.7 * | 487 | -36.6 * | |||||||||
Total Cholesterol | 237 | -0.8 | 248 | -5.1 | 241 | -3.4 | |||||||||
HDL Cholesterol | 35 | +0.8 | 36 | +13.7 * | 36 | +14.3 * | |||||||||
Non-HDL Cholesterol | 202 | -1.1 | 212 | -8.2 ** | 205 | -6.6 ** | |||||||||
LDL Cholesterol | 115 | +3.2 | 120 | +15.4 * | 122 | +14.5 | |||||||||
VLDL Cholesterol | 87 | -1.6 | 92 | -34.4 * | 83 | -30.4 * | |||||||||
The effect of fenofibrate on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has not been determined.
Fenofibrate capsules, USP, are available in two strengths:
• 130 mg capsules, white to off-white granular powder filled in size ‘0’ white opaque cap and white opaque body hard gelatin capsule imprinted with ‘ RG79’ on cap and body in black ink.
NDC 72789-310-30 Bottles of 30
Storage: Store at 20° - 25° C (68° - 77° F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature] in a tightly closed container.
Patients should be advised:
Manufactured by:
Ohm Laboratories Inc.
New Brunswick, NJ 08901
Distributed by:
Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc.
Cranbury, NJ 08512
FENOFIBRATE CAPSULES, USP
130 mg
Rx only
72789310 Label (72789310)
* Please review the disclaimer below.
