The following Structured Product Label (SPL) was submitted to the FDA by Solaris Pharma Corporation for the product Clarithromycin (NDC 73473-911). This document serves as the official prescribing information, containing essential scientific data and clinical materials required for healthcare providers and patients.
This specific version of the label includes detailed information regarding 1.1 acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, 1.2 acute maxillary sinusitis, 1.3 community-acquired pneumonia, 1.9 limitations of use, 1.10 usage, 2.1 important administration instructions, 2.2 adult dosage, 2.6 dosage adjustment in patients with renal impairment, and other regulatory disclosures. Use the navigation below to review specific sections of the FDA submission.
Clarithromycin extended-release tablets are indicated in adults for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible isolates due to Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae[see Indications and Usage (1.9)] .
Clarithromycin extended-release tablets (in adults) are indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible isolates due to Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae [see Indications and Usage (1.9)] .
Clarithromycin extended-release tablets are indicated
[see Indications and Usage
(1.9)]
for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible isolates due to:
Clarithromycin extended-release tablets are indicated only for acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and community-acquired pneumonia in adults. The efficacy and safety of clarithromycin extended-release tablets in treating other infections for which clarithromycin immediate release tablets and clarithromycin granules are approved have not been established.
There is resistance to macrolides in certain bacterial infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniaeand Staphylococcus aureus. Susceptibility testing should be performed when clinically indicated.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of clarithromycin extended-release tablets and other antibacterial drugs, clarithromycin extended-release tablets should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Clarithromycin extended-release tablets should be taken with food. Swallow clarithromycin extended-release tablets whole; do not chew, break or crush clarithromycin extended-release tablets.
The recommended dosages of clarithromycin extended-release tablets for the treatment of mild to moderate infections in adults are listed in Table 1.
| Clarithromycin Extended-release Tablets | ||
| Infection | Dosage (every 24 hours) | Duration (days) |
| Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis | 1 gram | 7 |
| Acute maxillary sinusitis | 1 gram | 14 |
| Community-acquired pneumonia | 1 gram | 7 |
See Table 2 for dosage adjustment in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment with or without concomitant atazanavir or ritonavir-containing regimens [see Drug Interactions (7)] .
| Recommended Clarithromycin Dosage Reduction | |
| Patients with severe renal impairment (CL crof <30 mL/min) | Reduce the dosage of clarithromycin by 50% |
| Patients with moderate renal impairment (CL crof 30 to 60 mL/min) taking concomitant atazanavir or ritonavir-containing regimens | Reduce the dosage of clarithromycin by 50% |
| Patients with severe renal impairment (CL crof <30 mL/min) taking concomitant atazanavir or ritonavir-containing regimens | Reduce the dosage of clarithromycin by 75% |
Clarithromycin extended-release tablets, USP are supplied as white or off-white, capsular-shaped film-coated 500 mg tablets debossed “S58” on one side and blank on the other side.
Clarithromycin is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to clarithromycin, erythromycin, or any of the macrolide antibacterial drugs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] .
Concomitant administration of clarithromycin with cisapride and pimozide is contraindicated [see Drug Interactions (7)] .
There have been postmarketing reports of drug interactions when clarithromycin is co-administered with cisapride or pimozide, resulting in cardiac arrhythmias (QT prolongation, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and torsades de pointes) most likely due to inhibition of metabolism of these drugs by clarithromycin. Fatalities have been reported.
Clarithromycin is contraindicated in patients with a history of cholestatic jaundice or hepatic dysfunction associated with prior use of clarithromycin.
Concomitant administration of clarithromycin and colchicine is contraindicated in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.
Concomitant administration of clarithromycin with lomitapide is contraindicated due to potential for markedly increased transaminases [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)and Drug Interactions (7)] .
Concomitant administration of clarithromycin with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) that are extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 (lovastatin or simvastatin) is contraindicated, due to the increased risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)and Drug Interactions (7)] .
Concomitant administration of clarithromycin and ergotamine or dihydroergotamine is contraindicated [see Drug Interactions (7)] .
Concomitant administration of clarithromycin and lurasidone is contraindicated since it may result in an increase in lurasidone exposure and the potential for serious adverse reactions [see Drug Interactions (7)] .
For information about contraindications of other drugs indicated in combination with clarithromycin, refer to their full prescribing information (contraindications section).
In the event of severe acute hypersensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Henoch-Schonlein purpura, and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, discontinue clarithromycin therapy immediately and institute appropriate treatment.
Avoid clarithromycin in the following patients:
Elderly patients may be more susceptible to drug-associated effects on the QT interval [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)] .
Hepatic dysfunction, including increased liver enzymes, and hepatocellular and/or cholestatic hepatitis, with or without jaundice, has been reported with clarithromycin. This hepatic dysfunction may be severe and is usually reversible. In some instances, hepatic failure with fatal outcome has been reported and generally has been associated with serious underlying diseases and/or concomitant medications. Symptoms of hepatitis can include anorexia, jaundice, dark urine, pruritus, or tender abdomen. Discontinue clarithromycin immediately if signs and symptoms of hepatitis occur.
Drugs metabolized by CYP3A4:Serious adverse reactions have been reported in patients taking clarithromycin concomitantly with CYP3A4 substrates. These include colchicine toxicity with colchicine; markedly increased transaminases with lomitapide; rhabdomyolysis with simvastatin, lovastatin, and atorvastatin; hypoglycemia and cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., torsades de pointes) with disopyramide; and hypotension and acute kidney injury with calcium channel blockers metabolized by CYP3A4 (e.g., verapamil, amlodipine, diltiazem, nifedipine). Most reports of acute kidney injury with calcium channel blockers metabolized by CYP3A4 involved elderly patients 65 years of age or older. Use clarithromycin with caution when administered concurrently with medications that induce the cytochrome CYP3A4 enzyme. The use of clarithromycin with lomitapide, simvastatin, lovastatin, ergotamine, or dihydroergotamine is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4.5,4.6)and Drug Interactions (7)] .
Colchicine:Life-threatening and fatal drug interactions have been reported in patients treated with clarithromycin and colchicine. Clarithromycin is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and this interaction may occur while using both drugs at their recommended doses. If co-administration of clarithromycin and colchicine is necessary in patients with normal renal and hepatic function, reduce the dose of colchicine. Monitor patients for clinical symptoms of colchicine toxicity. Concomitant administration of clarithromycin and colchicine is contraindicated in patients with renal or hepatic impairment [see Contraindications (4.4)and Drug Interactions (7)] .
Lomitapide:Concomitant use of clarithromycin with lomitapide is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4.5)] . Lomitapide is metabolized by CYP3A4, and concomitant treatment with clarithromycin increases the plasma concentration of lomitapide, which increases the risk of elevation in transaminases [see Drug Interactions (7)] . If treatment with clarithromycin cannot be avoided, therapy with lomitapide must be suspended during the course of treatment.
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (statins):Concomitant use of clarithromycin with lovastatin or simvastatin is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4.5)] as these statins are extensively metabolized by CYP3A4, and concomitant treatment with clarithromycin increases their plasma concentration, which increases the risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis. Cases of rhabdomyolysis have been reported in patients taking clarithromycin concomitantly with these statins. If treatment with clarithromycin cannot be avoided, therapy with lovastatin or simvastatin must be suspended during the course of treatment.
Exercise caution when prescribing clarithromycin with atorvastatin or pravastatin. In situations where the concomitant use of clarithromycin with atorvastatin or pravastatin cannot be avoided, atorvastatin dose should not exceed 20 mg daily and pravastatin dose should not exceed 40 mg daily. Use of a statin that is not dependent on CYP3A metabolism (e.g. fluvastatin) can be considered. It is recommended to prescribe the lowest registered dose if concomitant use cannot be avoided.
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents/Insulin:The concomitant use of clarithromycin and oral hypoglycemic agents and/or insulin can result in significant hypoglycemia. With certain hypoglycemic drugs such as nateglinide, pioglitazone, repaglinide and rosiglitazone, inhibition of CYP3A enzyme by clarithromycin may be involved and could cause hypoglycemia when used concomitantly. Careful monitoring of glucose is recommended [see Drug Interactions (7)] .
Quetiapine:Use quetiapine and clarithromycin concomitantly with caution. Co-administration could result in increased quetiapine exposure and quetiapine related toxicities such as somnolence, orthostatic hypotension, altered state of consciousness, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and QT prolongation. Refer to quetiapine prescribing information for recommendations on dose reduction if co-administered with CYP3A4 inhibitors such as clarithromycin [see Drug Interactions (7)] .
Oral Anticoagulants:There is a risk of serious hemorrhage and significant elevations in INR and prothrombin time when clarithromycin is co-administered with warfarin. Monitor INR and prothrombin times frequently while patients are receiving clarithromycin and oral anticoagulants concurrently [see Drug Interactions (7)] .
Benzodiazepines:Increased sedation and prolongation of sedation have been reported with concomitant administration of clarithromycin and triazolobenzodiazepines, such as triazolam and midazolam [see Drug Interactions (7)] .
In one clinical trial evaluating treatment with clarithromycin on outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease, an increase in risk of all-cause mortality one year or more after the end of treatment was observed in patients randomized to receive clarithromycin. 1Clarithromycin for treatment of coronary artery disease is not an approved indication. The cause of the increased risk has not been established. Other epidemiologic studies evaluating this risk have shown variable results [see Adverse Ractions (6.1)] . Consider balancing this potential risk with the treatment benefits when prescribing clarithromycin in patients who have suspected or confirmed coronary artery disease.
Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including clarithromycin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficileproduces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficilecause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibacterial use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibacterial use not directed against C. difficilemay need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibacterial treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
Based on findings from animal studies, clarithromycin is not recommended for use in pregnant women except in clinical circumstances where no alternative therapy is appropriate. If clarithromycin is used during pregnancy, or if pregnancy occurs while the patient is taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. Clarithromycin demonstrated adverse effects on pregnancy outcome and/or embryo fetal development, including fetal malformations, in pregnant animals administered oral clarithromycin [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)] .
Exacerbation of symptoms of myasthenia gravis and new onset of symptoms of myasthenic syndrome has been reported in patients receiving clarithromycin therapy.
Prescribing clarithromycin in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Because clinical studies are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical studies of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical studies of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
Based on pooled data across all indications, the most frequent adverse reactions for both adult and pediatric populations observed in clinical trials are abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and dysgeusia. Also reported were dyspepsia, liver function test abnormal, anaphylactic reaction, candidiasis, headache, insomnia, and rash.
Less Frequent Adverse Reactions Observed During Clinical Trials of Clarithromycin
Based on pooled data across all indications, the following adverse reactions were observed in clinical trials with clarithromycin at a rate less than 1%:
Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders:Leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocythemia, eosinophilia
Cardiac Disorders:Electrocardiogram QT prolonged, cardiac arrest, atrial fibrillation, extrasystoles, palpitations
Ear and Labyrinth Disorders:Vertigo, tinnitus, hearing impaired
Gastrointestinal Disorders:Stomatitis, glossitis, esophagitis, gastrooesophageal reflux disease, gastritis, proctalgia, abdominal distension, constipation, dry mouth, eructation, flatulence
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions:Malaise, pyrexia, asthenia, chest pain, chills, fatigue
Hepatobiliary Disorders:Cholestasis, hepatitis
Immune System Disorders:Hypersensitivity
Infections and Infestations:Cellulitis, gastroenteritis, infection, vaginal infection
Investigations:Blood bilirubin increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, blood lactate dehydrogenase increased, albumin globulin ratio abnormal
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders:Anorexia, decreased appetite
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders:Myalgia, muscle spasms, nuchal rigidity
Nervous System Disorders:Dizziness, tremor, loss of consciousness, dyskinesia, somnolence
Psychiatric Disorders:Anxiety, nervousness
Renal and Urinary Disorders:Blood creatinine increased, blood urea increased
Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders:Asthma, epistaxis, pulmonary embolism
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders:Urticaria, dermatitis bullous, pruritus, hyperhidrosis, rash maculo-papular
Gastrointestinal Adverse Reactions
In the acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and acute maxillary sinusitis studies overall gastrointestinal adverse reactions were reported by a similar proportion of patients taking either clarithromycin tablets or clarithromycin extended-release tablets; however, patients taking clarithromycin extended-release tablets reported significantly less severe gastrointestinal symptoms compared to patients taking clarithromycin tablets. In addition, patients taking clarithromycin extended-release tablets had significantly fewer premature discontinuations for drug-related gastrointestinal or abnormal taste adverse reactions compared to clarithromycin immediate-release tablets.
All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease 1 to 10 Years Following Clarithromycin Exposure
In one clinical trial evaluating treatment with clarithromycin on outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease, an increase in risk of all-cause mortality was observed in patients randomized to clarithromycin. Clarithromycin for treatment of coronary artery disease is not an approved indication. Patients were treated with clarithromycin or placebo for 14 days and observed for primary outcome events (e.g., all-cause mortality or non-fatal cardiac events) for several years. 1A numerically higher number of primary outcome events in patients randomized to receive clarithromycin was observed with a hazard ratio of 1.06 (95% confidence interval 0.98 to 1.14). However, at follow-up 10 years post-treatment, there were 866 (40%) deaths in the clarithromycin group and 815 (37%) deaths in the placebo group that represented a hazard ratio for all-cause mortality of 1.10 (95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.21). The difference in the number of deaths emerged after one year or more after the end of treatment.
The cause of the difference in all-cause mortality has not been established. Other epidemiologic studies evaluating this risk have shown variable results [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)] .
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of clarithromycin. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Blood and Lymphatic System:Thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis
Cardiac:Ventricular arrhythmia, ventricular tachycardia, torsades de pointes
Ear and Labyrinth:Deafness was reported chiefly in elderly women and was usually reversible.
Gastrointestinal:Pancreatitis acute, tongue discoloration, tooth discoloration was reported and was usually reversible with professional cleaning upon discontinuation of the drug.
There have been reports of clarithromycin extended-release tablets in the stool, many of which have occurred in patients with anatomic (including ileostomy or colostomy) or functional gastrointestinal disorders with shortened GI transit times. In several reports, tablet residues have occurred in the context of diarrhea. It is recommended that patients who experience tablet residue in the stool and no improvement in their condition should be switched to a different clarithromycin formulation (e.g. suspension) or another antibacterial drug.
Hepatobiliary:Hepatic failure, jaundice hepatocellular. Adverse reactions related to hepatic dysfunction have been reported with clarithromycin [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] .
Infections and Infestations:Pseudomembranous colitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]
Immune System:Anaphylactic reactions, angioedema
Investigations:Prothrombin time prolonged, white blood cell count decreased, international normalized ratio increased. Abnormal urine color has been reported, associated with hepatic failure.
Metabolism and Nutrition:Hypoglycemia has been reported in patients taking oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin.
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue:Myopathy rhabdomyolysis was reported and in some of the reports, clarithromycin was administered concomitantly with statins, fibrates, colchicine or allopurinol [see Contraindications (4.5)and Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] .
Nervous System:Parosmia, anosmia, ageusia, paresthesia and convulsions
Psychiatric: Abnormal behavior, confusional state, depersonalization, disorientation, hallucination, depression, manic behavior, abnormal dream, psychotic disorder. These disorders usually resolve upon discontinuation of the drug.
Renal and Urinary:Nephritis interstitial, renal failure
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue:Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Henoch-Schonlein purpura, acne, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
Vascular:Hemorrhage
Co-administration of clarithromycin is known to inhibit CYP3A, and a drug primarily metabolized by CYP3A may be associated with elevations in drug concentrations that could increase or prolong both therapeutic and adverse effects of the concomitant drug.
Clarithromycin should be used with caution in patients receiving treatment with other drugs known to be CYP3A enzyme substrates, especially if the CYP3A substrate has a narrow safety margin (e.g., carbamazepine) and/or the substrate is extensively metabolized by this enzyme. Adjust dosage when appropriate and monitor serum concentrations of drugs primarily metabolized by CYP3A closely in patients concurrently receiving clarithromycin.
| Drugs That Are Affected By Clarithromycin | |||||
| Drug(s) with Pharmacokinetics Affected by Clarithromycin | Recommendation | Comments | |||
| Antiarrhythmics:
| |||||
| Disopyramide
Quinidine Dofetilide Amiodarone Sotalol Procainamide | Not Recommended | Disopyramide, Quinidine:There have been postmarketing reports of
torsades de pointesoccurring with concurrent use of clarithromycin and quinidine or disopyramide. Electrocardiograms should be monitored for QTc prolongation during coadministration of clarithromycin with these drugs
[see Warnings and Precautions
(5.3)]
.
Serum concentrations of these medications should also be monitored. There have been spontaneous or published reports of CYP3A based interactions of clarithromycin with disopyramide and quinidine. There have been postmarketing reports of hypoglycemia with the concomitant administration of clarithromycin and disopyramide. Therefore, blood glucose levels should be monitored during concomitant administration of clarithromycin and disopyramide. | |||
| Digoxin | Use With Caution | Digoxin:Digoxin is a substrate for P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and clarithromycin is known to inhibit Pgp. When clarithromycin and digoxin are co-administered, inhibition of Pgp by clarithromycin may lead to increased exposure of digoxin. Elevated digoxin serum concentrations in patients receiving clarithromycin and digoxin concomitantly have been reported in postmarketing surveillance. Some patients have shown clinical signs consistent with digoxin toxicity, including potentially fatal arrhythmias. Monitoring of serum digoxin concentrations should be considered, especially for patients with digoxin concentrations in the upper therapeutic range.
| |||
| Oral Anticoagulants:
| |||||
| Warfarin | Use With Caution | Oral anticoagulants:Spontaneous reports in the postmarketing period suggest that concomitant administration of clarithromycin and oral anticoagulants may potentiate the effects of the oral anticoagulants. Prothrombin times should be carefully monitored while patients are receiving clarithromycin and oral anticoagulants simultaneously
[see Warnings and Precautions
(5.4)]
.
| |||
| Antiepileptics:
| |||||
| Carbamazepine | Use With Caution | Carbamazepine:Concomitant administration of single doses of clarithromycin and carbamazepine has been shown to result in increased plasma concentrations of carbamazepine. Blood level monitoring of carbamazepine may be considered. Increased serum concentrations of carbamazepine were observed in clinical trials with clarithromycin. There have been spontaneous or published reports of CYP3A based interactions of clarithromycin with carbamazepine.
| |||
| Antifungals:
| |||||
| Itraconazole | Use With Caution | Itraconazole:Both clarithromycin and itraconazole are substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A, potentially leading to a bi-directional drug interaction when administered concomitantly (see also
Itraconazole under “Drugs That Affect Clarithromycin”in the table below). Clarithromycin may increase the plasma concentrations of itraconazole. Patients taking itraconazole and clarithromycin concomitantly should be monitored closely for signs or symptoms of increased or prolonged adverse reactions.
| |||
| Fluconazole | No Dose Adjustment
| Fluconazole:[see Pharmacokinetics (12.3)] | |||
| Anti-Gout Agents:
| |||||
| Colchicine (in patients with renal or hepatic impairment)
| Contraindicated | Colchicine:Colchicine is a substrate for both CYP3A and the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Clarithromycin and other macrolides are known to inhibit CYP3A and Pgp. The dose of colchicine should be reduced when co-administered with clarithromycin in patients with normal renal and hepatic function
[see Contraindications
(4.4)and Warnings and Precautions
(5.4)]
.
| |||
| Colchicine (in patients with normal renal and hepatic function) | Use With Caution | ||||
| Antipsychotics:
| |||||
| Pimozide | Contraindicated | Pimozide:[See Contraindications (4.2)] | |||
| Quetiapine | Quetiapine:Quetiapine is a substrate for CYP3A4, which is inhibited by clarithromycin. Co-administration with clarithromycin could result in increased quetiapine exposure and possible quetiapine related toxicities. There have been postmarketing reports of somnolence, orthostatic hypotension, altered state of consciousness, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and QT prolongation during concomitant administration. Refer to quetiapine prescribing information for recommendations on dose reduction if co-administered with CYP3A4 inhibitors such as clarithromycin.
| ||||
| Lurasidone | Lurasidone:[See Contraindications
(4.7)]
| ||||
| Antispasmodics:
| |||||
| Tolterodine (patients deficient in CYP2D6 activity) | Use With Caution | Tolterodine:The primary route of metabolism for tolterodine is via CYP2D6. However, in a subset of the population devoid of CYP2D6, the identified pathway of metabolism is via CYP3A. In this population subset, inhibition of CYP3A results in significantly higher serum concentrations of tolterodine. Tolterodine 1 mg twice daily is recommended in patients deficient in CYP2D6 activity (poor metabolizers) when co-administered with clarithromycin.
| |||
| Antivirals:
| |||||
| Atazanavir | Use With Caution | Atazanavir:Both clarithromycin and atazanavir are substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A, and there is evidence of a bi-directional drug interaction (see
Atazanavir under “Drugs That Affect Clarithromycin”in the table below)
[see Pharmacokinetics
(12.3)]
.
| |||
| Saquinavir (in patients with decreased renal function) | Saquinavir:Both clarithromycin and saquinavir are substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A and there is evidence of a bi-directional drug interaction (see
Saquinavir under “Drugs That Affect Clarithromycin”in the table below)
[see Pharmacokinetics
(12.3)]
.
| ||||
| Ritonavir
Etravirine | Ritonavir, Etravirine:(see
Ritonavir and Etravirine under “Drugs That Affect Clarithromycin”in the table below)
[see Pharmacokinetics
(12.3)]
.
| ||||
| Maraviroc | Maraviroc:Clarithromycin may result in increases in maraviroc exposures by inhibition of CYP3A metabolism. See Selzentry
®prescribing information for dose recommendation when given with strong CYP3A inhibitors such as clarithromycin.
| ||||
| Boceprevir (in patients with normal renal function)
Didanosine | No Dose Adjustment | Boceprevir:Both clarithromycin and boceprevir are substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A, potentially leading to a bi-directional drug interaction when co-administered. No dose adjustments are necessary for patients with normal renal function (see Victrelis
®prescribing information).
| |||
| Zidovudine | Zidovudine:Simultaneous oral administration of clarithromycin immediate-release tablets and zidovudine to HIV-infected adult patients may result in decreased steady-state zidovudine concentrations. Administration of clarithromycin and zidovudine should be separated by at least two hours
[see Pharmacokinetics
(12.3)]
.
The impact of co-administration of clarithromycin extended-release tablets or granules and zidovudine has not been evaluated. | ||||
| Calcium Channel Blockers:
| |||||
| Verapamil | Use With Caution | Verapamil:Hypotension, bradyarrhythmias, and lactic acidosis have been observed in patients receiving concurrent verapamil,
[see Warnings and Precautions
(5.4)]
.
| |||
| Amlodipine
Diltiazem | Amlodipine, Diltiazem:[see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] | ||||
| Nifedipine | Nifedipine:Nifedipine is a substrate for CYP3A. Clarithromycin and other macrolides are known to inhibit CYP3A. There is potential of CYP3A-mediated interaction between nifedipine and clarithromycin. Hypotension and peripheral edema were observed when clarithromycin was taken concomitantly with nifedipine
[see Warnings and Precautions
(5.4)]
.
| ||||
| Ergot Alkaloids:
| |||||
| Ergotamine
Dihydroergotamine | Contraindicated | Ergotamine, Dihydroergotamine:Postmarketing reports indicate that coadministration of clarithromycin with ergotamine or dihydroergotamine has been associated with acute ergot toxicity characterized by vasospasm and ischemia of the extremities and other tissues including the central nervous system
[see Contraindications
(4.6)]
.
| |||
| Gastroprokinetic Agents:
| |||||
| Cisapride | Contraindicated | Cisapride:[See Contraindications
(4.2)]
| |||
| Lipid-lowering agents:
| |||||
| Lomitapide
Lovastatin Simvastatin | Contraindicated | Lomitapide, Lovastatin, Simvastatin:Clarithromycin may increase the exposure of these drugs by inhibition of CYP3A metabolism, thereby increasing the risk of toxicities from these drugs
[See Contraindications
(4.5)and Warnings and Precautions
(5.4)]
| |||
| Atorvastatin
Pravastatin | Use With Caution | Atorvastatin, Pravastatin, Fluvastatin:[See Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] | |||
| Fluvastatin | No Dose Adjustment | ||||
| Hypoglycemic Agents:
| |||||
| Nateglinide
Pioglitazone Repaglinide Rosiglitazone | Use With Caution | Nateglinide, Pioglitazone, Repaglinide, Rosiglitazone:[See Warnings and Precautions
(5.4)and Adverse Reactions
(6.2)]
| |||
| Insulin | Insulin:[See Warnings and Precautions
(5.4)and Adverse Reactions
(6.2)]
| ||||
| Immunosuppressants:
| |||||
| Cyclosporine | Use With Caution | Cyclosporine:There have been spontaneous or published reports of CYP3A based interactions of clarithromycin with cyclosporine.
| |||
| Tacrolimus | Tacrolimus:There have been spontaneous or published reports of CYP3A based interactions of clarithromycin with tacrolimus.
| ||||
| Phosphodiesterase inhibitors:
| |||||
| Sildenafil
Tadalafil Vardenafil | Use With Caution | Sildenafil, Tadalafil, Vardenafil:Each of these phosphodiesterase inhibitors is primarily metabolized by CYP3A, and CYP3A will be inhibited by concomitant administration of clarithromycin. Co-administration of clarithromycin with sildenafil, tadalafil, or vardenafil will result in increased exposure of these phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Co-administration of these phosphodiesterase inhibitors with clarithromycin is not recommended. Increased systemic exposure of these drugs may occur with clarithromycin; reduction of dosage for phosphodiesterase inhibitors should be considered (see their respective prescribing information).
| |||
| Proton Pump Inhibitors:
| |||||
| Omeprazole | No Dose Adjustment | Omeprazole:The mean 24-hour gastric pH value was 5.2 when omeprazole was administered alone and 5.7 when coadministered with clarithromycin as a result of increased omeprazole exposures
[see Pharmacokinetics
(12.3)]
(see also
Omeprazole under “Drugs That Affect Clarithromycin”in the table below).
| |||
| Xanthine Derivatives:
| |||||
| Theophylline | Use With Caution | Theophylline:Clarithromycin use in patients who are receiving theophylline may be associated with an increase of serum theophylline concentrations
[see Pharmacokinetics
(12.3)]
. Monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations should be considered for patients receiving high doses of theophylline or with baseline concentrations in the upper therapeutic range.
| |||
| Triazolobenzodiazepines and Other Related Benzodiazepines:
| |||||
| Midazolam | Use With Caution | Midazolam:When oral midazolam is co-administered with clarithromycin, dose adjustments may be necessary and possible prolongation and intensity of effect should be anticipated
[see Warnings and Precautions
(5.4)and Pharmacokinetics
(12.3)]
.
| |||
| Alprazolam
Triazolam | Triazolam, Alprazolam:Caution and appropriate dose adjustments should be considered when triazolam or alprazolam is co-administered with clarithromycin. There have been postmarketing reports of drug interactions and central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g., somnolence and confusion) with the concomitant use of clarithromycin and triazolam. Monitoring the patient for increased CNS pharmacological effects is suggested.
In postmarketing experience, erythromycin has been reported to decrease the clearance of triazolam and midazolam, and thus, may increase the pharmacologic effect of these benzodiazepines. | ||||
| Temazepam
Nitrazepam Lorazepam | No Dose Adjustment | Temazepam, Nitrazepam, Lorazepam:For benzodiazepines which are not metabolized by CYP3A (e.g., temazepam, nitrazepam, lorazepam), a clinically important interaction with clarithromycin is unlikely.
| |||
| Cytochrome P450 Inducers:
| |||||
| Rifabutin | Use With Caution | Rifabutin:Concomitant administration of rifabutin and clarithromycin resulted in an increase in rifabutin, and decrease in clarithromycin serum levels together with an increased risk of uveitis (see
Rifabutin under “Drugs That Affect Clarithromycin”in the table below).
| |||
| Other Drugs Metabolized by CYP3A:
| |||||
| Alfentanil
Bromocriptine Cilostazol Methylprednisole Vinblastine Phenobarbital St. John’s Wort | Use With Caution | There have been spontaneous or published reports of CYP3A based interactions of clarithromycin with alfentanil, methylprednisolone, cilostazol, bromocriptine, vinblastine, phenobarbital, and St. John’s Wort. | |||
| Other Drugs Metabolized by CYP450 Isoforms Other than CYP3A:
| |||||
| Hexobarbital
Phenytoin Valproate | Use With Caution | There have been postmarketing reports of interactions of clarithromycin with drugs not thought to be metabolized by CYP3A, including hexobarbital, phenytoin, and valproate.
| |||
| Drugs that Affect Clarithromycin | |||||
| Drug(s) that Affect the Pharmacokinetics of Clarithromycin | Recommendation | Comments | |||
| Antifungals:
| |||||
| Itraconazole
| Use With Caution | Itraconazole:Itraconazole may increase the plasma concentrations of clarithromycin. Patients taking itraconazole and clarithromycin concomitantly should be monitored closely for signs or symptoms of increased or prolonged adverse reactions (see also
Itraconazole under “Drugs That Are Affected By Clarithromycin”in the table above).
| |||
| Antivirals:
| |||||
| Atazanavir | Use With Caution | Atazanavir:When clarithromycin is co-administered with atazanavir, the dose of clarithromycin should be decreased by 50%
[see Clinical Pharmacology
(12.3)]
.
Since concentrations of 14-OH clarithromycin are significantly reduced when clarithromycin is co-administered with atazanavir, alternative antibacterial therapy should be considered for indications other than infections due to Mycobacterium aviumcomplex. Doses of clarithromycin greater than 1000 mg per day should not be co-administered with protease inhibitors. | |||
| Ritonavir (in patients with decreased renal function) | Ritonavir:Since concentrations of 14-OH clarithromycin are significantly reduced when clarithromycin is co-administered with ritonavir, alternative antibacterial therapy should be considered for indications other than infections due to
Mycobacterium avium[see Pharmacokinetics
(12.3)]
.
Doses of clarithromycin greater than 1000 mg per day should not be co-administered with protease inhibitors. | ||||
| Saquinavir (in patients with decreased renal function) | Saquinavir:When saquinavir is co-administered with ritonavir, consideration should be given to the potential effects of ritonavir on clarithromycin (refer to ritonavir above)
[see Pharmacokinetics
(12.3)]
.
| ||||
| Etravirine | Etravirine:Clarithromycin exposure was decreased by etravirine; however, concentrations of the active metabolite, 14-OH-clarithromycin, were increased. Because 14-OH-clarithromycin has reduced activity against
Mycobacterium aviumcomplex (MAC), overall activity against this pathogen may be altered; therefore alternatives to clarithromycin should be considered for the treatment of MAC.
| ||||
| Saquinavir (in patients with normal renal function) | No Dose Adjustment | ||||
| Ritonavir (in patients with normal renal function)
| |||||
| Proton Pump Inhibitors:
| |||||
| Omeprazole | Use With Caution | Omeprazole:Clarithromycin concentrations in the gastric tissue and mucus were also increased by concomitant administration of omeprazole
[see Pharmacokinetics
(12.3)]
.
| |||
| Miscellaneous Cytochrome P450 Inducers:
| |||||
| Efavirenz
Nevirapine Rifampicin Rifabutin Rifapentine | Use With Caution | Inducers of CYP3A enzymes, such as efavirenz, nevirapine, rifampicin, rifabutin, and rifapentine will increase the metabolism of clarithromycin, thus decreasing plasma concentrations of clarithromycin, while increasing those of 14-OH-clarithromycin. Since the microbiological activities of clarithromycin and 14-OH-clarithromycin are different for different bacteria, the intended therapeutic effect could be impaired during concomitant administration of clarithromycin and enzyme inducers. Alternative antibacterial treatment should be considered when treating patients receiving inducers of CYP3A. There have been spontaneous or published reports of CYP3A based interactions of clarithromycin with rifabutin (see
Rifabutin under “Drugs That Are Affected By Clarithromycin”in the table above).
| |||
Risk Summary
Based on findings from animal studies, clarithromycin is not recommended for use in pregnant women except in clinical circumstances where no alternative therapy is appropriate. If pregnancy occurs while taking clarithromycin, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)] .
Limited data from a small number of published human studies with clarithromycin use during pregnancy are insufficient to inform drug-associated risks of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. In animal reproduction studies, administration of oral clarithromycin to pregnant mice, rats, rabbits, and monkeys during the period of organogenesis produced malformations in rats (cardiovascular anomalies) and mice (cleft palate) at clinically relevant doses based on body surface area comparison. Fetal effects in mice, rats, and monkeys (e.g., reduced fetal survival, body weight, body weight gain) and implantation losses in rabbits were generally considered to be secondary to maternal toxicity (see Data).
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.
Data
Animal Data
Animal reproduction studies were conducted in mice, rats, rabbits, and monkeys with oral and intravenously administered clarithromycin. In pregnant mice, clarithromycin was administered during organogenesis (gestation day [GD] 6 to 15) at oral doses of 15, 60, 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg/day. Reduced body weight observed in dams at 1000 mg/kg/day (3 times the maximum recommended human dose [MRHD] based on body surface area comparison) resulted in reduced survival and body weight of the fetuses. At ≥ 500 mg/kg/day, increases in the incidence of post-implantation loss and cleft palate in the fetuses were observed. No adverse developmental effects were observed in mice at ≤ 250 mg/kg/day (≤ 1 times MRHD based on body surface area comparison).
In pregnant Sprague Dawley rats, clarithromycin was administered during organogenesis (GD 6 to 15) at oral doses of 15, 50, or 150 mg/kg/day. Reductions in body weight and food consumption was observed in dams at 150 mg/kg/day. Increased resorptions and reduced body weight of the fetuses at this dose were considered secondary to maternal toxicity. Additionally, at 150 mg/kg/day (1 times MRHD based on body surface area comparison), a low incidence of cardiovascular anomalies (complete situs inversus, undivided truncus, IV septal defect) was observed in the fetuses. Clarithromycin did not cause adverse developmental effects in rats at 50 mg/kg/day (0.3 times MRHD based on body surface area comparison). Intravenous dosing of clarithromycin during organogenesis in rats (GD 6 to 15) at 15, 50, or 160 mg/kg/day was associated with maternal toxicity (reduced body weight, body-weight gain, and food consumption) at 160 mg/kg/day but no evidence of adverse developmental effects at any dose (≤ 1 times MRHD based on body surface area comparison).
In pregnant Wistar rat, clarithromycin was administered during organogenesis (GD 7 to 17) at oral doses of 10, 40, or 160 mg/kg/day. Reduced body weight and food consumption were observed in dams at 160 mg/kg/day but there was no evidence of adverse developmental effects at any dose (≤ 1 times MRHD based on body surface area comparison).
In pregnant rabbits, clarithromycin administered during organogenesis (GD 6 to 18) at oral doses of 10, 35, or 125 mg/kg/day resulted in reduced maternal food consumption and decreased body weight at the highest dose, with no evidence of any adverse developmental effects at any dose (≤ 2 times MRHD based on body surface area comparison). Intravenously administered clarithromycin to pregnant rabbits during organogenesis (GD 6 to 18) in rabbits at 20, 40, 80, or 160 mg/kg/day (≥ 0.3 times MRHD based on body surface area comparison) resulted in maternal toxicity and implantation losses at all doses.
In pregnant monkeys, clarithromycin was administered (GD 20 to 50) at oral doses of 35 or 70 mg/kg/day. Dose-dependent emesis, poor appetite, fecal changes, and reduced body weight were observed in dams at all doses (≥ 0.5 times MRHD based on body surface area comparison).
Growth retardation in 1 fetus at 70 mg/kg/day was considered secondary to maternal toxicity. There was no evidence of primary drug related adverse developmental effects at any dose tested.
In a reproductive toxicology study in rats administered oral clarithromycin late in gestation through lactation (GD 17 to post-natal day 21) at doses of 10, 40, or 160 mg/kg/day (≤ 1 times MRHD based on body surface area comparison), reductions in maternal body weight and food consumption were observed at 160 mg/kg/day. Reduced body-weight gain observed in offspring at 160 mg/kg/day was considered secondary to maternal toxicity. No adverse developmental effects were observed with clarithromycin at any dose tested.
Risk Summary
Based on limited human data, clarithromycin and its active metabolite 14-OH clarithromycin are present in human milk at less than 2% of the maternal weight-adjusted dose (see Data). In a separate observational study, reported adverse effects on breast-fed children (rash, diarrhea, loss of appetite, somnolence) were comparable to amoxicillin (see Data). No data are available to assess the effects of clarithromycin or 14-OH clarithromycin on milk production.
The development and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for clarithromycin and any potential adverse effects on the breast-fed child from clarithromycin or from the underlying maternal condition.
Data
Human
Serum and milk samples were obtained after 3 days of treatment, at steady state, from one published study of 12 lactating women who were taking clarithromycin 250 mg orally twice daily. Based on the limited data from this study, and assuming milk consumption of 150 mL/kg/day, an exclusively human milk fed infant would receive an estimated average of 136 mcg/kg/day of clarithromycin and its active metabolite, with this maternal dosage regimen. This is less than 2% of the maternal weight-adjusted dose (7.8 mg/kg/day, based on the average maternal weight of 64 kg), and less than 1% of the pediatric dose (15 mg/kg/day) for children greater than 6 months of age.
A prospective observational study of 55 breastfed infants of mothers taking a macrolide antibacterial (6 were exposed to clarithromycin) were compared to 36 breastfed infants of mothers taking amoxicillin. Adverse reactions were comparable in both groups. Adverse reactions occurred in 12.7% of infants exposed to macrolides and included rash, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and somnolence.
Males
Administration of clarithromycin resulted in testicular atrophy in rats, dogs and monkeys [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)] .
The safety and effectiveness of clarithromycin extended-release tablets in the treatment of pediatric patients has not been established.
Safety and effectiveness of clarithromycin in pediatric patients under 6 months of age have not been established. The safety of clarithromycin has not been studied in MAC patients under the age of 20 months.
In a steady-state study in which healthy elderly subjects (65 years to 81 years of age) were given 500 mg of clarithromycin every 12 hours, the maximum serum concentrations and area under the curves of clarithromycin and 14-OH clarithromycin were increased compared to those achieved in healthy young adults. These changes in pharmacokinetics parallel known age-related decreases in renal function. In clinical trials, elderly patients did not have an increased incidence of adverse reactions when compared to younger patients. Consider dosage adjustment in elderly patients with severe renal impairment. Elderly patients may be more susceptible to development of torsades de pointesarrhythmias than younger patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] .
Most reports of acute kidney injury with calcium channel blockers metabolized by CYP3A4 (e.g., verapamil, amlodipine, diltiazem, nifedipine) involved elderly patients 65 years of age or older [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] .
Especially in elderly patients, there have been reports of colchicine toxicity with concomitant use of clarithromycin and colchicine, some of which occurred in patients with renal insufficiency. Deaths have been reported in some patients [see Contraindications (4.4)and Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] .
Clarithromycin is principally excreted via the liver and kidney. Clarithromycin may be administered without dosage adjustment to patients with hepatic impairment and normal renal function. However, in the presence of severe renal impairment with or without coexisting hepatic impairment, decreased dosage or prolonged dosing intervals may be appropriate [see Dosage and Administration (2.6)] .
Overdosage of clarithromycin can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea.
Treat adverse reactions accompanying overdosage by the prompt elimination of unabsorbed drug and supportive measures. As with other macrolides, clarithromycin serum concentrations are not expected to be appreciably affected by hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
Clarithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antimicrobial for oral use. Chemically, it is 6- 0-methylerythromycin. The molecular formula is C 38H 69NO 13, and the molecular weight is 747.96. The structural formula is:
Chemical Structure For Clarithromycin (Clarithromycin Tab Stucture)
Figure 1: Structure of Clarithromycin
Clarithromycin is a white to off-white crystalline powder. It is soluble in acetone, slightly soluble in methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile, and practically insoluble in water.
Clarithromycin is available as extended-release tablets.
Each white or off-white, capsular-shaped film-coated clarithromycin extended-release tablets, USP contains 500 mg of clarithromycin and the following inactive ingredients: glyceryl dibehenate, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, and titanium dioxide.
Clarithromycin extended-release tablets, USP meets the dissolution specifications which were established according to the USP monograph-clarithromycin extended-release tablets Test 2.
Clarithromycin is a macrolide antimicrobial drug [see Microbiology (12.4)] .
Absorption
Clarithromycin Extended-Release Tablets
Clarithromycin extended-release tablets provide extended absorption of clarithromycin from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. Relative to an equal total daily dose of immediate-release clarithromycin tablets, clarithromycin extended-release tablets provide lower and later steady-state peak plasma concentrations but equivalent 24-hour AUCs for both clarithromycin and its microbiologically-active metabolite, 14-OH clarithromycin. While the extent of formation of 14-OH clarithromycin following administration of clarithromycin extended-release tablets (2 x 500 mg tablets once daily) is not affected by food, administration under fasting conditions is associated with approximately 30% lower clarithromycin AUC relative to administration with food. Therefore, clarithromycin extended-release tablets should be taken with food.
Steady State Graph (Clarithromycin Tabs Steady Graph)
Figure 2: Steady-State Clarithromycin Plasma Concentration-Time Profiles
Distribution
Clarithromycin and the 14-OH clarithromycin metabolite distribute readily into body tissues and fluids. There are no data available on cerebrospinal fluid penetration. Because of high intracellular concentrations, tissue concentrations are higher than serum concentrations. Examples of tissue and serum concentrations are presented below.
| CONCENTRATION (after 250 mg every 12 hours) | ||
| Tissue Type | Tissue (mcg/g) | Serum (mcg/mL) |
| Tonsil | 1.6 | 0.8 |
| Lung | 8.8 | 1.7 |
Metabolism and Elimination
Clarithromycin Extended-Release Tablets
In healthy human subjects, steady-state peak plasma clarithromycin concentrations of approximately 2 mcg/mL to 3 mcg/mL were achieved about 5 hours to 8 hours after oral administration of 1000 mg clarithromycin extended-release tablets once daily; for 14-OH clarithromycin, steady-state peak plasma concentrations of approximately 0.8 mcg/mL were attained about 6 hours to 9 hours after dosing. Steady-state peak plasma clarithromycin concentrations of approximately 1 mcg/mL to 2 mcg/mL were achieved about 5 hours to 6 hours after oral administration of a single 500 mg clarithromycin extended-release tablets once daily; for 14-OH clarithromycin, steady-state peak plasma concentrations of approximately 0.6 mcg/mL were attained about 6 hours after dosing.
Steady-state peak plasma concentrations were attained in 2 days to 3 days and were approximately 2 mcg/mL for clarithromycin and 0.7 mcg/mL for 14-OH clarithromycin when 250-mg doses of the clarithromycin suspension were administered every 12 hours. Elimination half-life of clarithromycin (3 hours to 4 hours) and that of 14-OH clarithromycin (5 hours to 7 hours) were similar to those observed at steady state following administration of equivalent doses of clarithromycin immediate-release tablets.
Specific Populations for clarithromycin extended-release tablets
HIV Infection
Steady-state concentrations of clarithromycin and 14-OH clarithromycin observed following administration of 500 mg doses of clarithromycin every 12 hours to adult patients with HIV infection were similar to those observed in healthy volunteers. In adult HIV-infected patients taking 500-mg or 1000-mg doses of clarithromycin every 12 hours, steady-state clarithromycin C maxvalues ranged from 2 mcg/mL to 4 mcg/mL and 5 mcg/mL to 10 mcg/mL, respectively.
Hepatic Impairment
The steady-state concentrations of clarithromycin in subjects with impaired hepatic function did not differ from those in normal subjects; however, the 14-OH clarithromycin concentrations were lower in the hepatically impaired subjects. The decreased formation of 14-OH clarithromycin was at least partially offset by an increase in renal clearance of clarithromycin in the subjects with impaired hepatic function when compared to healthy subjects.
Renal Impairment
The pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin was also altered in subjects with impaired renal function [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)and Dosage and Administration (2.6)] .
Drug Interactions
Fluconazole
Following administration of fluconazole 200 mg daily and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily to 21 healthy volunteers, the steady-state clarithromycin C minand AUC increased 33% and 18%, respectively. Clarithromycin exposures were increased and steady-state concentrations of 14-OH clarithromycin were not significantly affected by concomitant administration of fluconazole.
Colchicine
When a single dose of colchicine 0.6 mg was administered with clarithromycin 250 mg BID for 7 days, the colchicine C maxincreased 197% and the AUC 0-∞increased 239% compared to administration of colchicine alone.
Atazanavir
Following administration of clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily) with atazanavir (400 mg once daily), the clarithromycin AUC increased 94%, the 14-OH clarithromycin AUC decreased 70% and the atazanavir AUC increased 28%.
Ritonavir
Concomitant administration of clarithromycin and ritonavir (n = 22) resulted in a 77% increase in clarithromycin AUC and a 100% decrease in the AUC of 14-OH clarithromycin.
Saquinavir
Following administration of clarithromycin (500 mg bid) and saquinavir (soft gelatin capsules, 1200 mg tid) to 12 healthy volunteers, the steady-state saquinavir AUC and C maxincreased 177% and 187% respectively compared to administration of saquinavir alone. Clarithromycin AUC and C maxincreased 45% and 39% respectively, whereas the 14–OH clarithromycin AUC and C maxdecreased 24% and 34% respectively, compared to administration with clarithromycin alone.
Didanosine
Simultaneous administration of clarithromycin tablets and didanosine to 12 HIV-infected adult patients resulted in no statistically significant change in didanosine pharmacokinetics.
Zidovudine
Following administration of clarithromycin 500 mg tablets twice daily with zidovudine 100 mg every 4 hours, the steady-state zidovudine AUC decreased 12% compared to administration of zidovudine alone (n=4). Individual values ranged from a decrease of 34% to an increase of 14%. When clarithromycin tablets were administered two to four hours prior to zidovudine, the steady-state zidovudine C maxincreased 100% whereas the AUC was unaffected (n=24).
Omeprazole
Clarithromycin 500 mg every 8 hours was given in combination with omeprazole 40 mg daily to healthy adult subjects. The steady-state plasma concentrations of omeprazole were increased (C max, AUC 0-24, and t½ increases of 30%, 89%, and 34%, respectively), by the concomitant administration of clarithromycin.
The plasma levels of clarithromycin and 14–OH clarithromycin were increased by the concomitant administration of omeprazole. For clarithromycin, the mean C maxwas 10% greater, the mean C minwas 27% greater, and the mean AUC 0-8was 15% greater when clarithromycin was administered with omeprazole than when clarithromycin was administered alone. Similar results were seen for 14–OH clarithromycin, the mean C maxwas 45% greater, the mean C minwas 57% greater, and the mean AUC 0-8was 45% greater. Clarithromycin concentrations in the gastric tissue and mucus were also increased by concomitant administration of omeprazole.
| Clarithromycin Tissue Concentrations 2 hours after Dose (mcg/mL)/(mcg/g) | |||||
| Treatment | N | antrum | fundus | N | Mucus |
| Clarithromycin | 5 | 10.48 ± 2.01 | 20.81 ± 7.64 | 4 | 4.15 ± 7.74 |
| Clarithromycin + Omeprazole | 5 | 19.96 ± 4.71 | 24.25 ± 6.37 | 4 | 39.29 ± 32.79 |
Theophylline
In two studies in which theophylline was administered with clarithromycin (a theophylline sustained-release formulation was dosed at either 6.5 mg/kg or 12 mg/kg together with 250 or 500 mg q12h clarithromycin), the steady-state levels of C max, C min, and the area under the serum concentration time curve (AUC) of theophylline increased about 20%.
Midazolam
When a single dose of midazolam was co-administered with clarithromycin tablets (500 mg twice daily for 7 days), midazolam AUC increased 174% after intravenous administration of midazolam and 600% after oral administration.
For information about other drugs indicated in combination with clarithromycin, refer to their full prescribing information, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY section.
Mechanism of Action
Clarithromycin exerts its antibacterial action by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis.
Resistance
The major routes of resistance are modification of the 23S rRNA in the 50S ribosomal subunit to insensitivity or drug efflux pumps. Beta-lactamase production should have no effect on clarithromycin activity.
Most isolates of methicillin-resistant and oxacillin-resistant staphylococci are resistant to clarithromycin.
Antimicrobial Activity
Clarithromycin has been shown to be active against most of the isolates of the following microorganisms both in vitroand in clinical infections [see Indications and Usage (1)] .
At least 90 percent of the microorganisms listed below exhibit in vitrominimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) less than or equal to the clarithromycin susceptible MIC breakpoint for organisms of similar type to those shown in Table 11. However, the efficacy of clarithromycin in treating clinical infections due to these microorganisms has not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.
Susceptibility Testing Methods (Excluding Mycobacteria and Helicobacter)
For specific information regarding susceptibility test interpretive criteria, and associated test methods and quality control standards recognized by FDA for this drug, please see: http://www.fda.gov/STIC.
Mutagenesis
The following in vitromutagenicity tests have been conducted with clarithromycin:
All tests had negative results except the in vitrochromosome aberration test which was positive in one test and negative in another. In addition, a bacterial reverse-mutation test (Ames test) has been performed on clarithromycin metabolites with negative results.
Impairment of Fertility
Fertility and reproduction studies have shown that daily doses of up to 160 mg/kg/day to male and female rats caused no adverse effects on the estrous cycle, fertility, parturition, or number and viability of offspring. Plasma levels in rats after 150 mg/kg/day were twice the human serum levels.
Testicular atrophy occurred in rats at doses 7 times, in dogs at doses 3 times, and in monkeys at doses 8 times greater than the maximum human daily dose (on a body surface area basis).
Corneal opacity occurred in dogs at doses 12 times and in monkeys at doses 8 times greater than the maximum human daily dose (on a body surface area basis). Lymphoid depletion occurred in dogs at doses 3 times greater than and in monkeys at doses 2 times greater than the maximum human daily dose (on a body surface area basis).
Clarithromycin extended-release tablets, USP are supplied as white or off-white, capsular-shaped film-coated 500 mg tablets debossed “S58” on one side and blank on the other side.
500 mg tablets:
Bottles of 60 NDC73473-911-60
Store clarithromycin extended-release tablets, USP at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Provide the following instructions or information about clarithromycin extended-release tablets to patients:
Important Administration Instructions
Advise patients that clarithromycin extended-release tablets should be taken with food.
Drug Interactions
Advise patients that clarithromycin may interact with some drugs; therefore, advise patients to report to their healthcare provider the use of any other medications.
Diarrhea
Advise patients that diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibacterials including clarithromycin which usually ends when the antibacterial is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibacterials, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibacterial. If this occurs, instruct patients to contact their healthcare provider as soon as possible.
Embryo-Fetal Toxicity
Advise females of reproductive potential that that if pregnancy occurs while taking this drug, there is a potential hazard to the fetus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)and Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
Antibacterial Resistance
Counsel patients that antibacterial drugs including clarithromycin tablets should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When clarithromycin tablet is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by clarithromycin tablets or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Potential for Dizziness, Vertigo and Confusion
There are no data on the effect of clarithromycin on the ability to drive or use machines. However, counsel patients regarding the potential for dizziness, vertigo, confusion and disorientation, which may occur with the clarithromycin tablets. The potential for these adverse reactions should be taken into account before patients drive or use machines.
Risk of Mortality in Patients with Coronary Disease Years After clarithromycin Treatment
Advise patients who have coronary artery disease to continue medications and lifestyle modifications for their coronary artery disease because clarithromycin may be associated with increased risk for mortality years after the end of clarithromycin treatment.
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Clarithromycin extended-release tablets, USP
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