Limitations of Use
Desmopressin Acetate is ineffective and not indicated for the treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Limitations of Use
Desmopressin Acetate is not indicated for the treatment of severe von Willebrand's disease (Type I) and when there is evidence of an abnormal molecular form of factor VIII antigen [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
Diabetes Insipidus
Prior to treatment with Desmopressin Acetate, assess serum sodium, urine volume and osmolality. Intermittently during treatment, assess serum sodium, urine volume and osmolality or plasma osmolality.
Hemophilia A
Prior to treatment with Desmopressin Acetate Injection, USP, verify that factor VIII coagulant activity levels are >5% and exclude the presence of factor VIII autoantibodies. Also assess serum sodium and aPTT prior to treatment. In certain clinical situations, it may be justified to try Desmopressin Acetate in patients with factor VIII levels between 2% to 5%; however, these patients should be carefully monitored.
von Willebrand's Disease (Type I)
Prior to treatment with Desmopressin Acetate Injection, USP, verify that factor VIII coagulant activity levels are >5% and exclude severe von Willebrand's disease (Type I) and presence of abnormal molecular form of factor VIII antigen. During treatment with Desmopressin Acetate Injection, USP, assess serum sodium, bleeding time, factor VIII coagulant activity, ristocetin cofactor activity, and von Willebrand antigen to ensure that adequate levels are being achieved.
For All Patients Receiving Repeated Doses: Restrict free water intake and monitor for hyponatremia.
Ensure that serum sodium is normal prior to initiating or resuming treatment with Desmopressin Acetate Injection, USP.
Diabetes Insipidus
Treatment naïve patients: The recommended starting daily dosage is 2 mcg to 4 mcg administered as one or two divided doses by subcutaneous or intravenous injection. Do not dilute Desmopressin Acetate Injection, USP for the Diabetes Insipidus population. The morning and evening doses should be separately adjusted for an adequate diurnal rhythm of water turnover. Adjust dose based upon response to treatment estimated by two parameters: adequate duration of sleep and adequate, not excessive, water turnover.
Patients changing from intranasal desmopressin: The recommended starting dose of Desmopressin Acetate Injection, USP is 1/10th the daily maintenance intranasal dose administered by subcutaneous or intravenous injection as one or two divided doses.
Hemophilia A and von Willebrand's Disease (Type I)
The recommended dosage is 0.3 mcg/kg actual body weight (to a maximum of 20 mcg) administered by intravenous infusion over 15 minutes to 30 minutes. If used preoperatively, administer 30 minutes prior to the procedure. If used to reduce spontaneous or traumatic bleeding, doses may be repeated after 8 hours to 12 hours and once daily thereafter, if needed, based upon clinical condition and von Willebrand factor and factor VIII levels. The necessity for repeat administration of Desmopressin Acetate or use of any blood products for hemostasis should be determined by laboratory response as well as the clinical condition of the patient.
Tachyphylaxis (lessening of response) with repeated administration (i.e., given more frequently than every 48 hours) may occur. The initial response is reproducible if Desmopressin Acetate is administered every 2 to 3 days.
Risk Summary
Prolonged experience with Desmopressin Acetate Injection in pregnant women over several decades, based on the available published literature and case reports, have not identified a drug associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes.
In addition, in vitro studies with human placenta demonstrate poor placental transfer of desmopressin. No adverse developmental outcomes were observed in animal reproductive and developmental studies following administration of desmopressin acetate during organogenesis to pregnant rats and rabbits, at doses 130- and 110- times, respectively, the recommended dose of 18 mcg for a 60 kg patient, based on body surface area (mg/m2).
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population are unknown. In the US general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.
Clinical Considerations
Disease Associated Maternal and Embryo-fetal Risk
Pregnant women with Hemophilia A or von Willebrand's disease may be at an increased risk for bleeding diatheses and hemorrhagic events at delivery. An affected newborn may also be at risk of bleeding diatheses.
Data
Animal Data
In a developmental toxicity study in rats, desmopressin acetate was administered intravenously at doses of 9.68, 48.4, or 241 mcg/kg/day during the period of organogenesis (gestations days 7 to 17). Laparohysterectomy for fetal examinations were conducted on gestation day 20 for twenty females in each group; the remaining 10 females were allowed to litter in order to determine any postnatal effects that might be attributable to pre-natal treatment. No effects were seen on maternal and fetal survival, growth and morphology or post-natal offspring survival, growth, development, behavior and reproductive performance up to 241 mcg/kg/day (130 times the 18 mcg dose received by a 60 kg patient based on body surface area).
In an embryo-fetal development study and a pre- and postnatal development study in rabbits, desmopressin acetate was administered subcutaneously at doses of 2, 20 or 200 mcg/kg/day (embryo-fetal development) and 0.1, 1 or 10 mcg/kg/day (pre- and postnatal development) during the period of organogenesis (gestation days 6 to 18). No effects on maternal and fetal survival or morphology were observed in both studies at doses of up to 200 mcg/kg/day (215x the 18 mcg dose received by a 60 kg patient based on body surface area) nor were there effects in the pre- and postnatal development study on parturition, postnatal survival, growth, development or behavior, up to the highest dose tested of 10 mcg/kg/day (11 times the 18 mcg dose received by a 60 kg patient, based on body surface area).
Risk Summary
Breastfeeding is not expected to result in clinically relevant exposure of the infant to desmopressin following maternal administration. Desmopressin is poorly transferred into human breastmilk at negligible amounts (see Data). There is no information on the effects of desmopressin on the breastfed child or on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for Desmopressin Acetate Injection and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from Desmopressin Acetate Injection or from the underlying maternal condition.
Data
The breast milk of lactating women was collected over 8 hours following administration of 300 mcg desmopressin nasal spray. The expected area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) of desmopressin following 300 mcg nasal spray is 2.4-fold higher to that of 4 mcg Desmopressin Acetate Injection. Based on the measured concentrations of desmopressin following intranasal administration, the amounts of desmopressin that may be transferred to a breastfed infant correspond to 0.0001 to 0.005% of the dose administered.
Elimination
The geometric mean terminal half-life is 2.8 hours.
Metabolism
Desmopressin is not metabolized by human CYP450 system.
Excretion
After intravenous administration of 2 mcg, 52% of the dose was recovered in the urine within 24 hours as unchanged desmopressin.
Drug Interaction Studies
In vitro studies in human liver microsome preparations have shown that desmopressin does not inhibit the human CYP450 system. No in vivo interaction studies have been performed with Desmopressin Acetate Injection.
Specific Populations
Patients with Renal Impairment
A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in subjects with normal renal function and patients with mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment (n=24, 6 subjects each group) with a single 2 mcg dose of desmopressin acetate intravenous injection. The geometric mean terminal half-life was 2.8 hours in subjects with normal renal function, and 4, 6.6, and 8.7 hours in patients with mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment, respectively. In patients with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment, mean desmopressin area under the plasma drug concentration time curve (AUC) was 1.5 fold, 2.4 fold and 3.6 fold higher, respectively compared to that of subjects with normal renal function.
Hyponatremia and Fluid Restriction
- Inform patients that Desmopressin Acetate may cause severe hyponatremia, which may be life-threatening, if it is not promptly diagnosed and treated [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
- Inform them about the signs and symptoms associated with hyponatremia, to undergo recommended serum sodium measurements, and to inform their health care provider about new medications.
- Advise patients to contact a healthcare provider if symptoms of hyponatremia occur.
- Discuss adjustment of fluid intake and monitoring of urine output with patients.
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September 2023