Other
A. Premature discontinuation of rivaroxaban increases the risk of thrombotic events
Premature discontinuation of any oral anticoagulant, including rivaroxaban, increases the risk of thrombotic events. If anticoagulation with rivaroxaban is discontinued for a reason other than pathological bleeding or completion of a course of therapy, consider coverage with another anticoagulant [see Dosage and Administration (2.3, 2.4), Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] .
B. Spinal/epidural hematoma
Epidural or spinal hematomas have occurred in patients treated with rivaroxaban who are receiving neuraxial anesthesia or undergoing spinal puncture. These hematomas may result in long-term or permanent paralysis. Consider these risks when scheduling patients for spinal procedures. Factors that can increase the risk of developing epidural or spinal hematomas in these patients include:
- use of indwelling epidural catheters
- concomitant use of other drugs that affect hemostasis, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), platelet inhibitors, other anticoagulants
- a history of traumatic or repeated epidural or spinal punctures
- a history of spinal deformity or spinal surgery
- optimal timing between the administration of rivaroxaban and neuraxial procedures is not known [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.3) and Adverse Reactions (6.2)] .
- Adults:
- For patients receiving 2.5 mg twice daily: if a dose is missed, the patient should take a single 2.5 mg rivaroxaban dose as recommended at the next scheduled time.
- Advise patients to take rivaroxaban tablets only as directed.
- Remind patients to not discontinue rivaroxaban tablets without first talking to their healthcare professional.
- Advise patients who cannot swallow the tablet whole to crush rivaroxaban tablets and combine with a small amount of applesauce followed by food [see Dosage and Administration (2.6)] .
- For patients requiring an NG tube or gastric feeding tube, instruct the patient or caregiver to crush the rivaroxaban tablet and mix it with a small amount of water before administering via the tube [see Dosage and Administration (2.6)] .
- If a dose is missed, advise the patient according to the instructions in the Full Prescribing Information based on their dosing schedule [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)] .
- Advise patients to report any unusual bleeding or bruising to their physician. Inform patients that it might take them longer than usual to stop bleeding, and that they may bruise and/or bleed more easily when they are treated with rivaroxaban tablets [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] .
- If patients have had neuraxial anesthesia or spinal puncture, and particularly, if they are taking concomitant NSAIDs or platelet inhibitors, advise patients to watch for signs and symptoms of spinal or epidural hematoma, such as back pain, tingling, numbness (especially in the lower limbs), muscle weakness, and stool or urine incontinence. If any of these symptoms occur, advise the patient to contact his or her physician immediately [see Boxed Warning] .
- Advise patients to inform their physician immediately if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during treatment with rivaroxaban tablets [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)] .
- Advise pregnant women receiving rivaroxaban tablets to immediately report to their physician any bleeding or symptoms of blood loss [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)] .
Monitor patients frequently for signs and symptoms of neurological impairment. If neurological compromise is noted, urgent treatment is necessary [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] .
Consider the benefits and risks before neuraxial intervention in patients anticoagulated or to be anticoagulated for thromboprophylaxis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] .
Switching from Warfarin to Rivaroxaban– When switching patients from warfarin to rivaroxaban, discontinue warfarin and start rivaroxaban as soon as the International Normalized Ratio (INR) is below 3.0 in adults and below 2.5 in pediatric patients to avoid periods of inadequate anticoagulation.
Switching from Rivaroxaban to Warfarin–
No clinical trial data are available to guide converting patients from rivaroxaban to warfarin. Rivaroxaban affects INR, so INR measurements made during coadministration with warfarin may not be useful for determining the appropriate dose of warfarin. One approach is to discontinue rivaroxaban and begin both a parenteral anticoagulant and warfarin at the time the next dose of rivaroxaban would have been taken.
Once rivaroxaban is discontinued, INR testing may be done reliably 24 hours after the last dose.
Switching from Rivaroxaban to Anticoagulants other than Warfarin- For adult patients currently taking rivaroxaban and transitioning to an anticoagulant with rapid onset, discontinue rivaroxaban and give the first dose of the other anticoagulant (oral or parenteral) at the time that the next rivaroxaban dose would have been taken [see Drug Interactions (7.4)].
Switching from Anticoagulants other than Warfarin to Rivaroxaban- For adult patients currently receiving an anticoagulant other than warfarin, start rivaroxaban 0 to 2 hours prior to the next scheduled administration of the drug (e.g., low molecular weight heparin or non-warfarin oral anticoagulant) and omit administration of the other anticoagulant. For unfractionated heparin being administered by continuous infusion, stop the infusion and start rivaroxaban at the same time.
Adults
On the following day, the patient should continue with their regular regimen.
Administration of rivaroxaban tablets via nasogastric (NG) tube or gastric feeding tube:After confirming gastric placement of the tube, rivaroxaban tablets (2.5 mg) may be crushed and suspended in 50 mL of water and administered via an NG tube or gastric feeding tube. Since rivaroxaban absorption is dependent on the site of drug release, avoid administration of rivaroxaban distal to the stomach which can result in reduced absorption and thereby, reduced drug exposure. Enteral feeding is not required following administration of the 2.5 mg tablets [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .
Crushed rivaroxaban tablets (2.5 mg) are stable in water and in applesauce for up to 4 hours. An in vitrocompatibility study indicated that there is no adsorption of rivaroxaban from a water suspension of a crushed rivaroxaban tablet to PVC or silicone nasogastric (NG) tubing.
Risk of Hemorrhage in Acutely Ill Medical Patients at High Risk of Bleeding
Acutely ill medical patients with the following conditions are at increased risk of bleeding with the use of rivaroxaban for another indication: history of bronchiectasis, pulmonary cavitation, or pulmonary hemorrhage, active cancer (i.e., undergoing acute, in-hospital cancer treatment), active gastroduodenal ulcer in the three months prior to treatment, history of bleeding in the three months prior to treatment, or dual antiplatelet therapy. Rivaroxaban is not for use for another indication in these hospitalized, acutely ill medical patients at high risk of bleeding.
Reversal of Anticoagulant Effect
An agent to reverse the anti-factor Xa activity of rivaroxaban is available. Because of high plasma protein binding, rivaroxaban is not dialyzable [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] . Protamine sulfate and vitamin K are not expected to affect the anticoagulant activity of rivaroxaban. Use of procoagulant reversal agents, such as prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), activated prothrombin complex concentrate or recombinant factor VIIa, may be considered but has not been evaluated in clinical efficacy and safety studies. Monitoring for the anticoagulation effect of rivaroxaban using a clotting test (PT, INR or aPTT) or anti-factor Xa (FXa) activity is not recommended.
Pediatric Patients
There are no clinical data in pediatric patients younger than 1 year with serum creatinine results above 97.5 thpercentile; therefore, avoid the use of rivaroxaban in these patients [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)] .
Hemorrhage
The most common adverse reactions with rivaroxaban were bleeding complications [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] .
Reduction of Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients with CAD
In the COMPASS trial overall, the most frequent adverse reactions associated with permanent drug discontinuation
were bleeding events, with incidence rates of 2.7% for rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily vs. 1.2% for placebo on
background therapy for all patients with aspirin 100 mg once daily. The incidences of important bleeding events in
the CAD and PAD populations in COMPASS were similar.
Table 10 shows the number of patients experiencing various types of major bleeding events in the COMPASS trial.
Reduction of Risk of Major Thrombotic Vascular Events in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD), Including Patients after Lower Extremity Revascularization due to Symptomatic PAD
The incidence of premature permanent discontinuation due to bleeding events for rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily vs. placebo on background therapy with aspirin 100 mg once daily in VOYAGER was 4.1% vs. 1.6% and in COMPASS PAD was 2.7% vs. 1.3%, respectively.
Table 11 shows the number of patients experiencing various types of TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) major bleeding events in the VOYAGER trial. The most common site of bleeding was gastrointestinal.
| Rivaroxaban
Treatment schedule: Rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily or placebo. All patients received background therapy with aspirin 100 mg once daily. N=3256 | Placebo
N=3248 | Rivaroxaban vs. Placebo
HR (95 % CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | n (%) | Event rate
%/year | n (%) | Event rate
%/year | |
| CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft; CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; TIMI: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Bleeding Criteria | |||||
| TIMI Major Bleeding
(CABG/non-CABG) | 62 (1.9) | 0.96 | 44 (1.4) | 0.67 | 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) |
| Fatal bleeding | 6 (0.2) | 0.09 | 6 (0.2) | 0.09 | 1.0 (0.3, 3.2) |
| Intracranial bleeding | 13 (0.4) | 0.20 | 17 (0.5) | 0.26 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) |
| Clinically overt signs of hemorrhage associated with a drop in hemoglobin of ≥5 g/dL or drop in hematocrit of ≥15% | 46 (1.4) | 0.71 | 24 (0.7) | 0.36 | 1.9 (1.2, 3.2) |
Interaction with Combined P-gp and Strong CYP3A Inhibitors
Avoid concomitant administration of rivaroxaban with known combined P-gp and strong CYP3A inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole and ritonavir) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .
Although clarithromycin is a combined P-gp and strong CYP3A inhibitor, pharmacokinetic data suggests that no precautions are necessary with concomitant administration with rivaroxaban as the change in exposure is unlikely to affect the bleeding risk [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .
Interaction with Combined P-gp and Moderate CYP3A Inhibitors in Patients with Renal Impairment
Rivaroxaban should not be used in patients with CrCl 15 to <80 mL/min who are receiving concomitant combined P-gp and moderate CYP3A inhibitors (e.g., erythromycin) unless the potential benefit justifies the potential risk [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .
Risk Summary
The limited available data on rivaroxaban in pregnant women are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk of adverse developmental outcomes. Use rivaroxaban with caution in pregnant patients because of the potential for pregnancy related hemorrhage and/or emergent delivery. The anticoagulant effect of rivaroxaban cannot be reliably monitored with standard laboratory testing. Consider the benefits and risks of rivaroxaban for the mother and possible risks to the fetus when prescribing rivaroxaban to a pregnant woman [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.7)] .
Adverse outcomes in pregnancy occur regardless of the health of the mother or the use of medications. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.
Clinical Considerations
Disease-Associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal Risk
Pregnancy is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism and that risk is increased in women with inherited or acquired thrombophilias. Pregnant women with thromboembolic disease have an increased risk of maternal complications including pre-eclampsia. Maternal thromboembolic disease increases the risk for intrauterine growth restriction, placental abruption and early and late pregnancy loss.
Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions
Based on the pharmacologic activity of Factor Xa inhibitors and the potential to cross the placenta, bleeding may occur at any site in the fetus and/or neonate.
Labor or Delivery
All patients receiving anticoagulants, including pregnant women, are at risk for bleeding and this risk may be increased during labor or delivery [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)] . The risk of bleeding should be balanced with the risk of thrombotic events when considering the use of rivaroxaban in this setting.
Data
Human Data
There are no adequate or well-controlled studies of rivaroxaban in pregnant women, and dosing for pregnant women has not been established. Post-marketing experience is currently insufficient to determine a rivaroxaban-associated risk for major birth defects or miscarriage. In an in vitroplacenta perfusion model, unbound rivaroxaban was rapidly transferred across the human placenta.
Animal Data
Rivaroxaban crosses the placenta in animals. Rivaroxaban increased fetal toxicity (increased resorptions, decreased number of live fetuses, and decreased fetal body weight) when pregnant rabbits were given oral doses of ≥10 mg/kg rivaroxaban during the period of organogenesis. This dose corresponds to about 4 times the human exposure of unbound drug, based on AUC comparisons at the highest recommended human dose of 20 mg/day. Fetal body weights decreased when pregnant rats were given oral doses of 120 mg/kg during the period of organogenesis. This dose corresponds to about 14 times the human exposure of unbound drug. In rats, peripartal maternal bleeding and maternal and fetal death occurred at the rivaroxaban dose of 40 mg/kg (about 6 times maximum human exposure of the unbound drug at the human dose of 20 mg/day).
Risk Summary
Rivaroxaban has been detected in human milk. There are insufficient data to determine the effects of rivaroxaban on the breastfed child or on milk production. Rivaroxaban and/or its metabolites were present in the milk of rats. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for rivaroxaban and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from rivaroxaban or from the underlying maternal condition (see Data) .
Data
Animal Data
Following a single oral administration of 3 mg/kg of radioactive [ 14C]-rivaroxaban to lactating rats between Day 8 to 10 postpartum, the concentration of total radioactivity was determined in milk samples collected up to 32 hours post-dose. The estimated amount of radioactivity excreted with milk within 32 hours after administration was 2.1% of the maternal dose.
Reduction of Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients with CAD and Reduction of Risk of Major Thrombotic Vascular Events in Patients with PAD, Including Patients After Recent Lower Extremity Revascularization due to Symptomatic PAD
Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease not on Dialysis
Patients with a CrCl <15 mL/min at screening were excluded from COMPASS and VOYAGER, and limited data are available for patients with a CrCl of 15 to 30 mL/min. In patients with CrCl <30 mL/min, a dose of 2.5 mg rivaroxaban twice daily is expected to give an exposure similar to that in patients with moderate renal impairment (CrCl 30 to <50 mL/min) [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] , whose efficacy and safety outcomes were similar to those with preserved renal function.
Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis
No clinical outcome data is available for the use of rivaroxaban with aspirin in patients with ESRD on dialysis since these patients were not enrolled in COMPASS or VOYAGER. In patients with ESRD maintained on intermittent hemodialysis, administration of rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily will result in concentrations of rivaroxaban and pharmacodynamic activity similar to those observed in moderate renal impaired patients in the COMPASS study [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2, 12.3)] . It is not known whether these concentrations will lead to similar CV risk reduction and bleeding risk in patients with ESRD on dialysis as was seen in COMPASS.
Pediatric Use
There are no clinical data in pediatric patients younger than 1 year with serum creatinine results above 97.5 th percentile; therefore, avoid the use of rivaroxaban in these patients [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)] .
Specific Populations
Renal Impairment
The relationship between systemic exposure and pharmacodynamic activity of rivaroxaban was altered in adult subjects with renal impairment relative to healthy control subjects [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)] .
| Measure | Parameter | Creatinine Clearance (mL/min) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 to 79 | 30 to 49 | 15 to 29 | ESRD
(on dialysis) Separate stand-alone study. | ESRD
(post-dialysis) | ||
| PT = Prothrombin time; FXa = Coagulation factor Xa; AUC = Area under the plasma concentration-time curve; AUEC = Area under the effect-time curve | ||||||
| Exposure | AUC | 44 | 52 | 64 | 47 | 56 |
| FXa Inhibition | AUEC | 50 | 86 | 100 | 49 | 33 |
| PT Prolongation | AUEC | 33 | 116 | 144 | 112 | 158 |
Hepatic Impairment
Anti-Factor Xa activity was similar in adult subjects with normal hepatic function and in mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A class). There is no clear understanding of the impact of hepatic impairment beyond this degree on the coagulation cascade and its relationship to efficacy and safety.
Absorption
The absolute bioavailability of rivaroxaban is dose-dependent. For the 2.5 mg dose, it is estimated to be 80% to 100% and is not affected by food. Rivaroxaban 2.5 mg tablets can be taken with or without food.
The maximum concentrations (C max) of rivaroxaban appear 2 to 4 hours after tablet intake. The pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban were not affected by drugs altering gastric pH. Coadministration of rivaroxaban (30 mg single dose) with the H 2-receptor antagonist ranitidine (150 mg twice daily), the antacid aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide (10 mL) or rivaroxaban (20 mg single dose) with the PPI omeprazole (40 mg once daily) did not show an effect on the bioavailability and exposure of rivaroxaban (see Figure 3).
Absorption of rivaroxaban is dependent on the site of drug release in the GI tract. A 29% and 56% decrease in AUC and C maxcompared to tablet was reported when rivaroxaban granulate is released in the proximal small intestine. Exposure is further reduced when drug is released in the distal small intestine, or ascending colon. Avoid administration of rivaroxaban distal to the stomach which can result in reduced absorption and related drug exposure.
In a study with 44 healthy subjects, both mean AUC and C maxvalues for 20 mg rivaroxaban administered orally as a crushed tablet mixed in applesauce were comparable to that after the whole tablet. However, for the crushed tablet suspended in water and administered via an NG tube followed by a liquid meal, only mean AUC was comparable to that after the whole tablet, and C maxwas 18% lower.
Distribution
Protein binding of rivaroxaban in human plasma is approximately 92% to 95%, with albumin being the main binding component. The steady-state volume of distribution in healthy subjects is approximately 50 L.
Metabolism
Approximately 51% of an orally administered [ 14C]-rivaroxaban dose was recovered as inactive metabolites in urine (30%) and feces (21%). Oxidative degradation catalyzed by CYP3A4/5 and CYP2J2 and hydrolysis are the major sites of biotransformation. Unchanged rivaroxaban was the predominant moiety in plasma with no major or active circulating metabolites.
Excretion
In a Phase 1 study, following the administration of [ 14C]-rivaroxaban, approximately one-third (36%) was recovered as unchanged drug in the urine and 7% was recovered as unchanged drug in feces. Unchanged drug is excreted into urine, mainly via active tubular secretion and to a lesser extent via glomerular filtration (approximate 5:1 ratio). Rivaroxaban is a substrate of the efflux transporter proteins P-gp and ABCG2 (also abbreviated BCRP). Rivaroxaban's affinity for influx transporter proteins is unknown.
Rivaroxaban is a low-clearance drug, with a systemic clearance of approximately 10 L/hr in healthy volunteers following intravenous administration. The terminal elimination half-life of rivaroxaban is 5 to 9 hours in healthy subjects aged 20 to 45 years.
Specific Populations
The effects of level of renal impairment, age, body weight, and level of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban are summarized in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Effect of Specific Adult Populations on the Pharmacokinetics of Rivaroxaban
* ESRD subjects maintained with chronic and stable hemodialysis; reported PK findings are following single dose of rivaroxaban post hemodialysis.
†Creatinine clearance 15 to 29 mL/min.
‡Creatinine clearance 30 to 49 mL/min.
§Creatinine clearance 50 to 79 mL/min.
[See
Dosage and Administration (2.1)]
Gender
Gender did not influence the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban.
Race
Healthy Japanese subjects were found to have 20 to 40% on average higher exposures compared to other ethnicities including Chinese. However, these differences in exposure are reduced when values are corrected for body weight.
Elderly
The terminal elimination half-life is 11 to 13 hours in the elderly subjects aged 60 to 76 years [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)] .
Pediatric Patients
The rate and extent of absorption were similar between the tablet and suspension. After repeated administration of rivaroxaban for the treatment of another indication, the C maxof rivaroxaban in plasma was observed at median times of 1.5 to 2.2 hours in subjects who ranged from birth to less than 18 years of age.
In children who were 6 months to 9 years of age, in vitro plasma protein binding of rivaroxaban is approximately 90%.
The half-life of rivaroxaban in plasma of pediatric patients treated for another indication decreased with decreasing age. Mean half-life values were 4.2 hours in adolescents, 3 hours in children 2 to 12 years of age, 1.9 hours in children 0.5 to <2 years of age, and 1.6 hours in children <0.5 years of age.
An exploratory analysis in pediatric patients treated for another indication did not reveal relevant differences in rivaroxaban exposure based on gender or race.
Hemodialysis in ESRD subjects:Systemic exposure to rivaroxaban administered as a single 15 mg dose in ESRD subjects dosed 3 hours after the completion of a 4-hour hemodialysis session (post-dialysis) is 56% higher when compared to subjects with normal renal function (see Table 18). The systemic exposure to rivaroxaban administered 2 hours prior to a 4-hour hemodialysis session with a dialysate flow rate of 600 mL/min and a blood flow rate in the range of 320 mL/min to 400 mL/min is 47% higher compared to those with normal renal function. The extent of the increase is similar to the increase in patients with CrCl 15 mL/min to 50 mL/min taking rivaroxaban 15 mg. Hemodialysis had no significant impact on rivaroxaban exposure. Protein binding was similar (86% to 89%) in healthy controls and ESRD subjects in this study.
Pediatric Patients:Limited clinical data are available in children 1 year or older with moderate or severe renal impairment (eGFR <50 mL/min/1.73 m 2) or in children younger than 1 year with serum creatinine results above 97.5 thpercentile [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)] .
Renal Impairment
The safety and pharmacokinetics of single-dose rivaroxaban (10 mg) were evaluated in a study in healthy subjects [CrCl ≥80 mL/min (n=8)] and in subjects with varying degrees of renal impairment (see Figure 2). Compared to healthy subjects with normal creatinine clearance, rivaroxaban exposure increased in subjects with renal impairment. Increases in pharmacodynamic effects were also observed [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)] .
Hepatic Impairment
The safety and pharmacokinetics of single-dose rivaroxaban (10 mg) were evaluated in a study in healthy adult subjects (n=16) and adult subjects with varying degrees of hepatic impairment (see Figure 2). No patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) were studied. Compared to healthy subjects with normal liver function, significant increases in rivaroxaban exposure were observed in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B) (see Figure 2). Increases in pharmacodynamic effects were also observed [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7)] .
No clinical data are available in pediatric patients with hepatic impairment.
Drug Interactions
In vitrostudies indicate that rivaroxaban neither inhibits the major cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2J2, and 3A nor induces CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C19, or 3A. In vitrodata also indicates a low rivaroxaban inhibitory potential for P-gp and ABCG2 transporters.
The effects of coadministered drugs on the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban exposure are summarized in Figure 3 [see Drug Interactions (7)] .
Figure 3: Effect of Coadministered Drugs on the Pharmacokinetics of Rivaroxaban in Adults
Anticoagulants
In a drug interaction study, single doses of enoxaparin (40 mg subcutaneous) and rivaroxaban (10 mg) given concomitantly resulted in an additive effect on anti-factor Xa activity. In another study, single doses of warfarin (15 mg) and rivaroxaban (5 mg) resulted in an additive effect on factor Xa inhibition and PT. Neither enoxaparin nor warfarin affected the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban (see Figure 3).
NSAIDs/Aspirin
NSAIDs are known to increase bleeding, and bleeding risk may be increased when NSAIDs are used concomitantly with rivaroxaban. Neither naproxen nor aspirin affected the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban (see Figure 3).
Clopidogrel
In two drug interaction studies where clopidogrel (300 mg loading dose followed by 75 mg daily maintenance dose) and rivaroxaban (15 mg single dose) were coadministered in healthy subjects, an increase in bleeding time to 45 minutes was observed in approximately 45% and 30% of subjects in these studies, respectively. The change in bleeding time was approximately twice the maximum increase seen with either drug alone. There was no change in the pharmacokinetics of either drug.
Drug-Disease Interactions with Drugs that Inhibit Cytochrome P450 3A Enzymes and Drug Transport Systems
In a pharmacokinetic trial, rivaroxaban was administered as a single dose in subjects with mild (CrCl = 50 to 79 mL/min) or moderate renal impairment (CrCl = 30 to 49 mL/min) receiving multiple doses of erythromycin (a combined P-gp and moderate CYP3A inhibitor). Compared to rivaroxaban administered alone in subjects with normal renal function (CrCl >80 mL/min), subjects with mild and moderate renal impairment concomitantly receiving erythromycin reported a 76% and 99% increase in AUC infand a 56% and 64% increase in C max, respectively. Similar trends in pharmacodynamic effects were also observed.
Instructions for Patient Use
Adults
Bleeding Risks
Invasive or Surgical Procedures
Instruct patients to inform their healthcare professional that they are taking rivaroxaban before any invasive procedure (including dental procedures) is scheduled.
Concomitant Medication and Herbals
Advise patients to inform their physicians and dentists if they are taking, or plan to take, any prescription or over-the-counter drugs or herbals, so their healthcare professionals can evaluate potential interactions [see Drug Interactions (7)] .
Pregnancy and Pregnancy-Related Hemorrhage
Lactation
Advise patients to discuss with their physician the benefits and risks of rivaroxaban tablets for the mother and for the child if they are nursing or intend to nurse during anticoagulant treatment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)] .
Females and Males of Reproductive Potential
Advise patients who can become pregnant to discuss pregnancy planning with their physician [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)] .
Mfd. by: Taro Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
Haifa Bay, Israel 2624761
Dist. by: Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc.
Cranbury, NJ 08512
Revised: February 2025
Dispense with Medication Guide available at: https://www.sunpharma.com/usa/products